Background Intratumor heterogeneity may foster tumor evolution and adaptation and hinder
personalized-medicine strategies that depend on results from single tumor-biopsy samples. …

Checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) augment adaptive immunity. Systematic pan-tumor analyses
may reveal the relative importance of tumor-cell-intrinsic and microenvironmental features …

Background Previously reported results from the phase 3 CheckMate 067 trial showed a
significant improvement in objective responses, progression-free survival, and overall survival …

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) denotes cancer originated from the renal epithelium and
accounts for> 90% of cancers in the kidney. The disease encompasses> 10 histological and …

Background Nivolumab (a programmed death 1 [PD-1] checkpoint inhibitor) and ipilimumab
(a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 [CTLA-4] checkpoint inhibitor) have been …

Background Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials of the BRAF kinase inhibitor vemurafenib (PLX4032)
have shown response rates of more than 50% in patients with metastatic melanoma with …

Background Nivolumab, a programmed death 1 (PD-1) checkpoint inhibitor, was associated
with encouraging overall survival in uncontrolled studies involving previously treated …

Background The immune checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab is the standard-of-care treatment
for patients with advanced melanoma. Pembrolizumab inhibits the programmed cell death 1 (…

Background Activating mutations in serine–threonine protein kinase B-RAF (BRAF) are found
in 50% of patients with advanced melanoma. Selective BRAF-inhibitor therapy improves …

Background Nivolumab combined with ipilimumab resulted in longer progression-free survival
and a higher objective response rate than ipilimumab alone in a phase 3 trial involving …