Long-Term Risk Factor Control After Myocardial Infarction—A Need for Better Prevention Programmes
Abstract
:1. Introduction: Long-Term Prognosis after Myocardial Infarction
2. “Real World“ Data on Long-Term RFC in Patients after MI
3. Preventive Strategies
4. Discussion: How to Improve Long-Term Risk Factor Control?
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
List of Abbreviations
BSR | Bremen STEMI-registry |
CAD | Coronary artery disease |
CANTOS | Canakinumab anti-inflammatory thrombosis outcomes study |
COURAGE | Clinical outcomes utilizing revascularization and aggressive drug evaluation |
DYSIS | Dyslipidemia international study |
EUROASPIRE | European action on secondary and primary prevention by intervention to reduce events |
hsCRP | High-sensitivity C-reactive protein |
IPAQ | International physical activity questionnaire |
IPP | Intensive prevention programme |
MACCE | Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (death, infarction, stroke) |
MI | Myocardial infarction |
OASIS 5 | Organization to assess strategies in acute ischemic syndromes 5 |
OPTICARE | Optimal cardiac rehabilitation |
RESPONSE II | Randomized evaluation of secondary prevention by outpatient nurse specialists II |
RFC | Risk factor control |
STEMI | ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction |
SYNTAX | Synergy between PCI with TAXUS drug-eluting stent and cardiac surgery |
UC | Usual care |
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Prevention success Improvement of one risk factor without deterioration of another Prevention failure Deterioration of one risk factor without improvement of another | ||
Risk factors | Improvement | Deterioration |
Smoking | Smoking cessation (at least for 4 weeks at evaluation, controlled by serum cotinine levels) | New or recurrent active smoking |
LDL cholesterol | Reduction < 5 mg/dL | Increase ≥ 5 mg/dL |
Physical inactivity | Increase of caloric expenditure ≥ 500 kcal/week (leisure time moderate or vigorous physical activity assessed by IPAQ) | Decrease of caloric expenditure ≥ 500 kcal/week |
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Osteresch, R.; Fach, A.; Schmucker, J.; Eitel, I.; Langer, H.; Hambrecht, R.; Wienbergen, H. Long-Term Risk Factor Control After Myocardial Infarction—A Need for Better Prevention Programmes. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1114. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081114
Osteresch R, Fach A, Schmucker J, Eitel I, Langer H, Hambrecht R, Wienbergen H. Long-Term Risk Factor Control After Myocardial Infarction—A Need for Better Prevention Programmes. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(8):1114. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081114
Chicago/Turabian StyleOsteresch, Rico, Andreas Fach, Johannes Schmucker, Ingo Eitel, Harald Langer, Rainer Hambrecht, and Harm Wienbergen. 2019. "Long-Term Risk Factor Control After Myocardial Infarction—A Need for Better Prevention Programmes" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 8: 1114. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081114