ReviewNeutrophil in viral infections, friend or foe?
Section snippets
Background
Neutrophils comprise the largest number of immune cells in the human body, approximately 80% at any given time, mainly during infections (Bai et al., 2010, Le Goffic et al., 2011, McNamara et al., 2003). While the majority of these cells remain housed in the bone marrow or immune centers (e.g. spleen and lymph nodes), about 2% of the total neutrophil population circulates in the blood (Navarini et al., 2009). These are short-lived cells, usually for 6–20 h in circulation under healthy conditions
Protective roles
Neutrophils comprise a major element of the innate immune system and demolish invading microbes primarily by phagocytosing bacteria, fungi and virions (Choi and Dumler, 2003, Chtanova et al., 2008, Crameri and Blaser, 2002, Ferrante, 1989, Hachicha et al., 1998, Nathan, 2006, Soehnlein, 2009a, Tate et al., 2009, Wang et al., 2008). Viral infections will usually weaken and impair the host's immune system opening the way for opportunistic pathogens, such as bacteria or fungi, to take advantage of
Double-edged sword role
Neutrophils must be tightly regulated otherwise tissue damage is inevitable due to increased infiltration of these cells, which may lead to vascular leakage and high release of catalytic proteins and NETs. During the resolution phase of immune responses, clearance of neutrophils and other recruited immune cells occurs. Any defects in this process will cause inflammatory diseases (Croker et al., 2012) or susceptibility to secondary infections. Too many NETs and high amounts of microbial material
Neutrophils as viral transport vessels
Neutrophils are the most abundant cells circulating in the human blood stream. Interestingly, neutrophils have shown to be productively infected by West Nile virus (WNV), implying that neutrophils may be responsible for WNV dissemination in the peripheral and central nervous system (CNS). Higher titers of WNV were detected in neutrophils compared to macrophages supporting the notion of viral replication in neutrophils (Bai et al., 2010) (Fig. 2a). In addition, both positive- and negative-sense
Concluding remarks
Neutrophils, as a major component in the mammalian innate immune system, have essential roles in the battle with invading bacteria, fungi as well as viruses. More and more attentions have been drawn to dissecting the roles of neutrophils in viral pathogenesis; however, we still know very little about the true nature of neutrophils during the course of viral infections. Neutrophils appear to contribute to controlling viral infections, but unbalanced recruitment may cause severe damage to the
Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by the Mississippi INBRE funded by grants from the National Center for Research Resources (5P20RR016476-11) and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (8 P20 GM103476-11) from the National Institutes of Health.
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