Table 3. Themes from survey and interview data on negative aspects of reflection
ThemeSurvey exampleInterview example
Time 'Having to sit aside and taking time to think and then write … with my kid and family I find it difficult.' (S297) 'The time it takes … I think I’m a perfectionist, so it can take me a whole week to write one reflection.' (IA)
Mandatory or forced 'The fact that there is a stipulated number of reflection entries in each training period means sometimes the trainee makes entries just to meet up with the required number.' (S386) 'It’s just being forced … that restricts you and makes you tailor stuff … it should be more open … we should be able to reflect how we feel a reflection should be.' (IC)
Difficult and unfamiliar process 'As we do not have previous reflections, it was very difficult to know what they mean by reflect and how to do this. And when I did that, I am not sure is it the right way or not.' (S299) 'When I started ST1 I was always anxious if I‘m saying and writing the right things, if I’m reflecting properly because as I say it’s not something we do.' (II)
Fear of consequences 'Difficult to reflect on mistake because of fear of GMC scrutiny or providing evidence for our own weaknesses.' (S115) 'I find myself saying’"Okay, delete that, you don’t want that on record". Because some smart lawyer somewhere can twist your words out of context and put you in trouble.' (IH)
Boring or repetitive 'Sitting down, recalling the events of a particular case or event, putting on a writer’s hat can be tedious.' (S5) 'Sometimes when you’ve had an uneventful week you just think "Okay what do I reflect on?"… everything that we’ve seen, I’ve reflected on it already.' (ID)
Distressing 'Sometimes looking back at things and realising things you could have done and you did not makes you feel low, and sometimes that can be overwhelming.' (S366)
Documenting 'We all reflect on the events always, some of us do that in the mind, some do it in writing form. I find it hard to reflect in writing form but does that make me a bad clinician? I don’t think so.' (S143) 'We are doing the reflection, but the writing down bit and realising what you have done is the tricky bit for IMGs.' (IE)
Negative 'Waste of time.' (S25)
Vague 'Writing too much.' (S331)