Table 3. Univariate analysis of the factors associated with maternal stress among pregnant women (in the first trimester of pregnancy) as evaluated by the Antenatal Perceived Stress Inventory (overall score and for each of the three dimensions)

Variables^a	Overall score	P value	'Medical and obstetric risks or fetal health' dimension	P value	'Psychosocial changes during pregnancy' dimension	P value	'Prospect of childbirth' dimension	P value
History of prior spontaneous miscarriage		0.34		<0.001		0.05		0.58
Yes (n = 30)	2.05±0.46		3.00±0.86		1.48±0.53		1.64±0.64
No (n = 63)	1.94±0.55		2.34±0.80		1.78±0.98		1.72±0.67
High-school diploma or higher		0.09		0.79		0.01		0.17
Yes (n = 86)	1.95±0.51		2.56±0.89		1.62±0.76		1.67±0.63
No (n = 7)	2.30±0.64		2.46±0.53		2.52±1.57		2.03±0.96
Nulliparous		0.004		0.02		0.65		0.002
Yes (n = 50)	2.12±0.53		2.76±0.88		1.65±0.82		1.89±0.71
No (n = 43)	1.81±0.46		2.31±0.80		1.73±0.93		1.47±0.51
Social or familial isolation^b		0.27		0.34		0.18		0.37
Support available from close family or friends (n = 76)	1.95±0.51		2.53±0.88		1.59±0.71		1.70±0.67
Alone and isolated (n = 9)	2.16±0.69		2.83±1.01		2.37±1.59		1.49±0.62
Type of pregnancy		0.78		0.62		0.43		0.80
Expected or planned (n = 75)	1.97±0.49		2.57±0.86		1.64±0.79		1.69±0.63
Unexpected or unplanned (n = 18)	2.01±0.64		2.46±0.92		1.87±1.15		1.73±0.78
Other history of pregnancy termination^c		0.61		0.65		0.41		0.29
Yes (n = 22)	1.93±0.47		2.48±0.81		1.82±0.93		1.55±0.55
No (n = 71)	1.99±0.54		2.57±0.89		1.64±0.85		1.74±0.68

^aMean±standard deviation. ^bFor these analyses, ‘Other’ was not included because women who answered ‘Other’ had not yet announced their pregnancy and so could not assess their isolation. ^cEncompasses voluntary interruption of pregnancy; termination of pregnancy for medical reasons; fetal death in utero; and ectopic pregnancy.