Table 1. Summary of cancer-associated systemic inflammatory response biomarkers
GroupIDMarkerIDMarker
Circulating individual inflammatory markersa
G1–10Inflammatory mediators
G1Cytokines
1–42Interleukins94–96Interferons
43–47Colony-stimulating factors97–99Tumour necrosis factor
48–51Adipokines100Macrophage migration inhibitory factor
52–93Chemokines
G2Growth factors
101Transforming growth factor112Hepatocyte growth factor
102–104Vascular endothelial growth factor113Nerve growth factor
105Platelet-derived growth factor114,115Insulin, insulin-like growth factor
106–108Fibroblast growth factor116–118Endothelins
109,110Epidermal growth factor119,120Renin-angiotensin system
111Placental growth factor121–129Angiopoietin, angiopoietin-like protein
G3Transcription factors
130Nuclear factor kappa B133–138Signal transducers and activators of transcription
131,132Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor139–141Hypoxia-inducible factor
G4Immunoglobulins
142–149Cell-adhesion molecules150–152Programmed cell death protein
G5Eicosanoids
153,154Cyclooxygenase160Lipoxygenase
155–158Prostaglandins161–164Leukotrienes
159Thromboxane165Lipoxins
G6Acute phase proteins
166–168C-reactive protein188–195Plasminogen activation system
169–172Pentraxins family196–197Microglobulins
173–175Serum amyloid A198–201Transport proteins
176–178Alpha globulins202–205Complement system
179–184Extracellular matrix proteins206–209Albumin, transferrin
185–187Fibrinogen, D-dimer
G7Matrix metalloproteinases
210–225Matrix metalloproteinases
G8Redox active mediators
226,227Metalloproteins (haemoglobin; heme)233Calcitriol
228–231Vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D)234Melatonin
232Calcidiol2356-sulfatoxymelatonin
G9Lipoproteins
236–238Very low-, low-, high-density lipoprotein241Total cholesterol
239Oxidised low-density lipoprotein242Triglycerides
240Apolipoprotein
G10Adrenal cortex hormones and neurotransmitters
243–245Glucocorticoids251–253Catecholamines
246–250Neurotransmitters
G11–13Inflammatory effector cells
254Platelets259–265White blood cells
255–258Red blood cells
Combining multiple inflammatory markers (into a score)a
cG11.13White blood cells-platelets parameters
266Lymphocyte to monocyte ratio269Derived Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio
267Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio270–272Novel combined scoring systemb
268Platelet to lymphocyte ratio
cG6Acute phase proteins parameters, combinations
273–275Glasgow prognostic scores277–280Novel combined scoring systemb
276Prognostic inflammatory and nutritional index
cG11.6White blood cells-acute phase proteins parameters, combinations
281–285Novel combined scoring systemb
cG11.6.8White blood cells-acute phase proteins-redox active mediators parameters
286Combined haemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, platelet
cG10Lipoprotein particle-derived measure of insulin resistance
287Lipoprotein insulin resistance score
  • aThe proposed panel of 287 cancer-associated inflammatory biomarkers could be modified and upgraded over time in accordance with clinical efficacy tested and promising clinical results of novel candidates. Before eligibility, it was verified that each biomarker could be identified in blood, urine, or saliva samples.bNovel combined inflammation-based scoring systems proposed in further research will be incorporated into panel.

  • G = group. cG = combined group. ID = identifier