Table 2. Adjusted odds ratios for missed COPD diagnosis for all factors tested in the multiple regression model

		Odds ratio (95% CI)	P value
Birth year		0.99 (0.99 to 1.00)	<0.001
Female		1.16 (1.12 to 1.21)	<0.001
Year of death		0.86 (0.86 to 0.87)	<0.001
Smoking Status	Formerly Smoked vs Currently Smokes	0.42 (0.40 to 0.43)*	<0.001
	No Smoking Record vs Currently Smokes	4.52 (4.13 to 4.95)*	<0.001
	Never smoked vs Currently smokes	1.26 (1.18 to 1.35)*	<0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	Underweight vs Healthy Weight	0.63 (0.59 to 0.67)*	<0.001
	Overweight vs Healthy Weight	1.15 (1.10 to 1.21)*	<0.001
	Obese vs Healthy Weight	1.11 (1.05 to 1.17)*	<0.001
Region	North of England vs South of England	0.86 (0.80 to 0.92)*	<0.001
IMD Quintile	2 vs 1 (least deprived)	0.96 (0.90 to 1.03)	0.23
	3 vs 1	0.96 (0.90 to 1.03)	0.255
	4 vs 1	0.95 (0.88 to 1.02)	0.122
	5 vs 1	1.02 (0.95 to 1.10)	0.63
Ethnic group	Black vs White	1.87 (1.37 to 2.54)*	<0.001
	Mixed/Other vs White	1.08 (0.83 to 1.39)	0.654
	Asian vs White	1.54 (1.21 to 1.96)*	<0.001
	Unknown vs White	1.28 (1.20 to 1.38)*	<0.001
Comorbid conditions	Asthma	0.39 (0.38 to 0.41)*	<0.001
	Interstitial lung disease	0.92 (0.85 to 1.00)*	0.04
	Bronchiectasis	0.72 (0.68 to 0.77)*	<0.001

IMD = Index of Multiple Deprivation. Northern regions include North East, North West, Yorkshire and the Humber, East Midlands, West Midlands.Southern regions include East of England, South West, South Central, London, South East Coast.
Statistically significant results are indicated in bold with asterisk.