| Univariable | Multivariable | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Female | 0.57 (0.37 to 0.87) | 0.010 | 0.63 (0.39 to 1.02) | 0.060 |
| Age group, years | ||||
| 18–74 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| ≥75 | 0.84 (0.56 to 1.26) | 0.399 | 0.97 (0.61 to 1.55) | 0.907 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| South Asian | 1.29 (0.76 to 2.19) | 0.350 | 1.39 (0.76 to 2.55) | 0.285 |
| Black | 0.67 (0.35 to 1.25) | 0.208 | 0.88 (0.44 to 1.75) | 0.706 |
| Unknowna | 0.74 (0.40 to 1.37) | 0.337 | 0.81 (0.41 to 1.62) | 0.557 |
| IMD quintileb | ||||
| 1 (least deprived) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 2 | 0.99 (0.52 to 1.89) | 0.985 | 1.15 (0.58 to 2.29) | 0.689 |
| 3 | 0.68 (0.35 to 1.30) | 0.239 | 0.77 (0.38 to 1.53) | 0.452 |
| 4 | 0.90 (0.47 to 1.72) | 0.740 | 1.06 (0.53 to 2.13) | 0.860 |
| 5 (most deprived) | 0.90 (0.47 to 1.72) | 0.740 | 0.95 (0.48 to 1.88) | 0.874 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| IHD, stroke, or TIA | 1.86 (1.12 to 3.08) | 0.016 | 1.57 (0.91 to 2.71) | 0.103 |
| Diabetes or CKD | 0.77 (0.50 to 1.18) | 0.234 | 0.70 (0.43 to 1.15) | 0.163 |
| Upper GI bleeding | — | — | — | — |
| PPI/H2RA | 1.83 (1.07 to 3.13) | 0.027 | 1.80 (1.01 to 3.22) | 0.048 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | ||||
| <140 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| ≥140 | 0.97 (0.59 to 1.59) | 0.897 | 0.98 (0.58 to 1.67) | 0.947 |
| Unknownc | 0.25 (0.02 to 2.84) | 0.266 | 0.45 (0.03 to 6.47) | 0.554 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never smoked | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Ex-smoker | 1.39 (0.86 to 2.24) | 0.175 | 1.21 (0.70 to 2.07) | 0.497 |
| Current smoker | 1.05 (0.56 to 1.99) | 0.870 | 1.91 (0.45 to 1.82) | 0.786 |
| Unknown | 0.67 (0.34 to 1.33) | 0.255 | 0.74 (0.32 to 1.66) | 0.461 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||
| <20 | 1.56 (0.64 to 3.84) | 0.329 | 1.65 (0.64 to 4.24) | 0.301 |
| 20–29 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| ≥30 | 0.74 (0.48 to 1.16) | 0.196 | 0.83 (0.50 to 1.37) | 0.462 |
| Unknown | 0.48 (0.24 to 0.97) | 0.042 | 0.66 (0.29 to 1.52) | 0.327 |
aEthnicity not stated or missing. bPatients with missing IMD data were excluded from the univariate logistic regression model. cPatients with missing systolic blood pressure data were excluded from the univariate logistic regression model. Bold indicates a statistically significant value. AF = atrial fibrillation. BMI = body mass index. CKD = chronic kidney disease. DAT = dual antithrombotic therapy. GI = gastrointestinal. H2RA = H2-receptor antagonist. IHD = ischaemic heart disease. IMD = Index of Multiple Deprivation. OR = odds ratio. PPI = proton pump inhibitor. TIA = transient ischaemic attack.