Table 1. Characteristics of the sample for the cross-sectional analysis (n = 362)
CategoryVariablen (%)a
Age, years, median (IQR)79 (77–82)
Sex, female213 (58.8)
CityGetafe (Spain)116 (32.0)
Toulouse (France)93 (25.7)
Rome (Italy)78 (21.5)
Cracow (Poland)48 (13.3)
Birmingham (UK)27 (7.5)
Charlson Comorbidity Index score, median (IQR)4 (4–5)
Barthel index score, median (IQR)100 (95–100)
Lawton and Brody scale score, median (IQR)8 (7–8)
Frail according to frailty phenotypeb 54 (14.9)
Frail or prefrail according to frailty phenotypeb Total276 (76.2)
Missing4 (1.1)
Number of items of the frailty phenotypeb 082 (22.7)
1112 (30.9)
2104 (28.7)
333 (9.1)
417 (4.7)
51 (0.3)
Missing13 (3.6)
Frailty index score, median (IQR)0.16 (0.12–0.22)
Frail according to frailty index55 (15.2)
Number of items of the FRAIL scale0209 (57.7)
185 (23.5)
238 (10.5)
325 (6.9)
44 (1.1)
51 (0.3)
SPPB score, median (IQR)10 (9–11)
Gait speed, m/sTotal, median (IQR)1 (0.9–1.3)
Missing18 (5.0)
Worsening of dependence in basic activities of daily livingTotal46 (16.7)c
Missing87 (24.0)
Worsening of dependence in instrumental activities of daily livingTotal47 (17.1)c
Missing87 (24.0)
DeathsTotal2 (0.8)d
Missing107 (29.6)
  • aUnless otherwise stated. bThese numbers do not match because of the possibility of assigning an individual with missing items to the frail or frail+ prefrail categories. c N = 275. d N = 255. IQR = interquartile range. SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery.