| Study ID | Diagnostic tests requested | Condition | TH group N (%) | F2F group N (%) | Reported P valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RCT | |||||
| McKinstry (UK, 2002)18 | Not specified blood test | All conditions | 8 (4%) | 10 (5%) | Not reported |
| Not specified urine test | 6 (3%) | 8 (4%) | |||
| X-ray | 1 (0.6%) | 5 (3%) | |||
| Cross-sectional studies | |||||
| Gordon (US, 2017)b 16 | Not specified lab tests | UTI | 85 (20.6%) | 1095 (88.4%) | < 0.001* |
| Pharyngitis | 45 (15.8%) | 627 (73.5%) | < 0.001* | ||
| Sinusitis | 185 (11%) | 1302 (25.7%) | < 0.001* | ||
| Bronchitis | 40 (10.1%) | 308 (25.8%) | < 0.001* | ||
| Not specified Imaging | Cough | 18 (11.4) | 111 (23.5) | 0.001* | |
| Bronchitis | 34 (8.6%) | 212 (17.8%) | < 0.001* | ||
| UTI | 34 (8.2%) | 227 (18.3%) | < 0.001* | ||
| URI | 69 (8.1%) | 236 (9.3%) | 0.31 | ||
| Sinusitis | 90 (5.3%) | 497 (9.8%) | < 0.001* | ||
| Murray (US, 2020)c 20 | Urinalysis/dip stick | UTI | 8 (5%) | 140 (93%) | < 0.0001* |
| Urine culture | 11 (7%) | 31 (21%) | < 0.001* | ||
| Norden (US, 2020)d 21 | Not specified lab tests | Pharyngitis | 0.125 | 0.207 | 0.55 |
| URI excluding pharyngitis | 0.023 | 0.129 | 0.096 | ||
| Otitis media | 0.250 | 0.107 | 0.60 | ||
| Ray (US, 2019)24 | Strep test | Streptococcal Pharyngitis | 7 (1%) | 10 878 (67%) | Not reported |
| Shi (US, 2018)25 | Strep test | Streptococcal Pharyngitis | 9 (4%) | 17 818 (68%) | Not reported |
*Bold and asterisked P values indicate statistical significance.
↵a χ2 test.
↵b Tests were conducted within 21 days of index visit for all conditions.
↵c Tests were conducted at initial encounter.
↵d Average numbers of labs ordered.