Table 3. Summary of seven studies investigating GP judgment for the diagnosis of dementia

	Mannheim⁴⁴	Sydney⁴⁵	Hawaii⁴³	Antwerp⁴⁶	AgeCoDe⁴⁷	France²⁰	This study
Participant selection
Series	C	C	C	C	R	C	C
Symptomatic	No	No^a	No	No	No	Yes^a	Yes
Characteristics of participants
Number (index test)	3721	433	303	1003	3242	1453	240
Mean age (years)	76	85	75	75	80	81	80
% Female	70	84	63	63	66	71	47
% with dementia	29	25	9	2	2	50	55
Target condition and verification with reference standard
Verified n	407	105	303	101	22	385	240
Verified %	11	24	100	1	70	26	100
GP judgment (%)
Not impaired	36	76	33	–	94	48	14
Cognitive impairment	41	–	–	–	–	–	40
Dementia	23	19	33	–	6	26	36
Uncertain	–	5	33	–	–	22	–
Diagnostic accuracy of clinical judgment for dementia
Sensitivity	91	42	–	100	51	73	56
Specificity	76	89	–	100	96	58	89

C = consecutive. R = random; symptomatic: symptoms required for participation. % verified = number underwent reference test or number underwent index test. % with dementia = number with dementia or number verified.
↵a Participants were not presenting with symptoms but GPs were asked to maximise the inclusion of people with suspected dementia that was not reported.