Table 3. Effect of integrated CVRM care on the primary and secondary outcomes compared with usual care, using generalised mixed-model analyses
Crude modela Adjusted modelb
Outcomes n Betac 95% CI P value n Betac 95% CI P value
Primary outcomes
 Systolic blood pressure656–1.75–5.78 to 2.290.38647–1.78–6.09 to 2.530.40
 LDL-cholesterol6570.05–0.13 to 0.230.586530.01–0.15 to 0.180.86
Secondary outcomes, continuous
 Diastolic blood pressure6560.04–3.05 to 3.130.97647–0.37–3.78 to 3.040.82
 BMI649–0.27–1.28 to 0.740.596410.09–0.83 to 1.020.84
 EQ-5D-5L index score6430.01–0.02 to 0.040.466330.01–0.02 to 0.030.64
 SF-12 Mental component6431.610.21 to 3.020.03d 6331.39–0.17 to 2.950.08
 SF-12 Physical component6431.45–0.38 to 3.280.126331.01–0.74 to 2.760.25
 Patient satisfaction (PREM)6420.13–0.03 to 0.290.116310.14–0.03 to 0.320.10
 Recommendation score6270.13–0.10 to 0.360.246160.11–0.13 to 0.360.35
 HADS Anxiety628–0.39–1.05 to 0.270.23618–0.35–1.06 to 0.370.32
 HADS Depression630–0.61–1.27 to 0.060.07620–0.45–1.19 to 4.410.22
n Ratio e 95% CI P value n Ratio e 95% CI P value
Secondary outcomes, log transformed
 10-year CV risk
 All patients5840.870.75 to 1.020.085830.900.76 to 1.060.21
 Patients with CVD3030.980.86 to 1.120.763031.040.90 to 1.200.59
 Patients without CVD2810.810.62 to 1.060.112800.800.60 to 1.080.15
Secondary outcomes, dichotomous
 Blood pressure <140/90 mmHg6560.960.54 to 1.830.996470.970.52 to 1.830.93
 LDL-cholesterol <2.5 mmol/l6570.890.64 to 1.230.486531.130.74 to 1.720.57
 LDL-cholesterol <1.8 mmol/l3290.640.37 to 1.130.123260.700.39 to 1.260.24
 Smoking6740.870.52 to 1.480.626711.000.54 to 1.850.99
Healthy food habitsf
 Vegetables6541.280.93 to 1.770.136431.260.87 to 1.830.21
 Fruits6480.880.64 to 1.200.416370.940.65 to 1.350.72
 Red meat6421.170.86 to 1.610.326321.210.85 to 1.740.29
 Fatty fish6541.300.89 to 1.910.186431.240.83 to 1.850.30
 Fatty products6411.491.06 to 2.110.02d 6311.410.95 to 2.080.09
 Snacks6521.070.79 to 1.460.676411.220.85 to 1.730.28
 Table salt6541.470.84 to 2.580.186431.680.84 to 3.350.14
 Physical activity5531.290.83 to 1.990.255431.310.84 to 2.060.24
Medication use
Patients with CVD
 Antihypertensive drugs3341.190.72 to 1.990.503345.090.56 to 46.00.15
 Lipid-lowering drugs3341.030.61 to 1.760.913340.970.26 to 3.570.96
 Anticoagulants3341.100.51 to 2.380.823341.520.23 to 9.900.66
Patients without CVD
 Antihypertensive drugs3361.520.80 to 2.900.203361.230.12 to 12.20.86
 Lipid-lowering drugs3370.860.53 to 1.370.523370.710.18 to 2.790.62
 GP as primary treating practitioner6823.930.74 to 21.00.1167110.500.80 to 138.30.07
 Newly developed CVD6750.850.35 to 2.070.726710.990.37 to 2.640.99
 Newly developed comorbidity6740.910.34 to 2.410.856711.110.43 to 2.910.83
 Mortality6891.480.32 to 6.890.626720.370.00 to 38.80.68
Secondary outcomes, count
 Alcohol consumption6010.880.65 to 1.190.395940.810.60 to 1.090.17
 Consultations in general practice6721.050.89 to 1.250.546701.040.89 to 1.210.65
  • aCorrected for clustering within practices. bCorrected for clustering within practices and predefined confounders. cDifference between intervention and usual care group. dStatistically significant. eRatio, should be interpreted as a multiplication factor. For example, a ratio of 1.05 should be interpreted as a 5% higher outcome score in the intervention group compared with the usual care group. fHealthy food habits: vegetables >150–200 grams a day; fruits >200 grams a day; red meat <300 grams a week; fatty fish >1 a week; unhealthy fatty products <3 a week and healthy fatty products >3 a week; sweet and salty snacks <3 a week; table salt <3 a week.

  • BMI = body mass index. CV = cardiovascular. CVD = cardiovascular disease. EQ-5D = five-level EuroQoL-5 Dimensions. HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. LDL = low-density lipoprotein. PREM = Patient Reported Experience Measure. SF-12 = Short Form–12 Health Survey.