Table 2. Characteristics of included pharmacist-led studies

Author,year, country	Design	N	Duration, months	Details of intervention	Outcomes
Goldfien et al, 2014US^¹⁷	Observ	100	11	Pharmacist+ rheumatologist provided education by phone; employed standard gout medication to lower SU levels	SU levels ≤6 mg/dl achieved and maintained at least 3 months for 78/95 patients
Goldfien et al, 2016US^¹⁶	RCT	77	6	Telephone-based programme to manage SU. Implementation of protocol, adjusting standard gout management; patient adherence monitored	SU levels at ≤6.0 mg/dl at 26 weeks in 35% of intervention cf 13% control group
Whiteman et al, 2018UK^³¹	Observ [Abstract]	52	23	Education about gout and its treatment. Offered ongoing monitoring until SU at target	38/52 patients discharged from service. Average SU level decreased from 7.7 mg/dl to 4.9 mg/dl
Mikuls et al, 2019US^³²	RCT clustered	1,412	24	Randomised by site. Intervention telephone interactive voice recognition system to assess adherence, encourage SU and other lab monitoring, provide patient-focused gout education, and adjust allopurinol dosing versus usual care	Better adherence to ULT 50% cf 37% usual care. SU <6 mg/dl intervention 30% cf 15% usual care
Huang et al, 2019US^¹⁸	QIP	36	12	19 referred patients received pharmacist education and ULT titration programme cf with 28 non-referred	SU improved intervention (8.8–6.1 mg/dl for intervention cf 7.6 to 6.8 mg/dl for usual care. 32% intervention and 25% usual care achieved target

Cf = Compare. Observ = observational. Qual = qualitative. QIP = quality improvement project. RCT = randomised controlled trial. SU = serum urate. ULT = urate lowering therapy. Vs = versus. Wk = week.