| Variables | Univariate (N = 2722),OR (95% CI), n | Final multivariable model (N = 2148),OR (95% CI), n |
|---|---|---|
| Awareness of services | ||
| Know range of NHS services to use | 0.007 | |
| Very confident | 1.0 (ref), 1366 | |
| Fairly confident | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.4), 1113 | |
| Not confident or not at all | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.0), 243 | |
| Data missing, n | 0 | |
| Can find out when NHS services are open | 0.001 | |
| Very confident | 1.0 (ref), 1412 | |
| Fairly confident | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.5), 1089 | |
| Not confident or not at all | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.1), 221 | |
| Data missing, n | 0 | |
| Can find out what tests are available at NHS services | 0.031 | |
| Very confident | 1.0 (ref), 913 | |
| Fairly confident | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.5), 1224 | |
| Not confident or not at all | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.6), 585 | |
| Data missing, n | 0 | |
| Know how to contact GP out of hours | 0.007 | |
| Very confident | 1.0 (ref), 1262 | |
| Fairly confident | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.6), 1001 | |
| Not very confident | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.8), 358 | |
| Not at all | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.8), 101 | |
| Data missing, n | 0 | |
| Will look up on internet to see what to do | 0.002 | |
| Very likely | 1.0 (ref), 406 | |
| Fairly likely | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2), 708 | |
| Not very likely | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.5), 639 | |
| Not at all | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.6), 952 | |
| Do not know or never had problem | 3.1 (1.1 to 8.2), 17 | |
| Data missing, n | 0 | |
| Will look up on internet to decide what problem is | 0.006 | |
| Very likely | 1.0 (ref), 629 | |
| Fairly likely | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3), 756 | |
| Not very likely | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.5), 434 | |
| Not at all | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.6), 887 | |
| Do not know or never had problem | 3.4 (1.3 to 10.3), 16 | |
| Data missing, n | 0 | |
| Recursivity | ||
| If tests are done I was right to contact a service | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree | 1.0 (ref), 261 | 1.0 (ref), 259 |
| Neither | 1.9 (1.3 to 2.6), 766 | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.2), 734 |
| Agree or strongly agree | 2.5 (1.8 to 3.5), 1163 | 1.8 (1.3 to 2.5), 1155 |
| Data missing, n | 532 | — |
| Health literacy | ||
| Lower health literacy compared with high health literacy: understand information | <0.0011.4 (1.2 to 1.6), 2153 | 0.0131.2 (1.0 to 1.4), 2148 |
| Data missing, n | 569 | — |
| Lower health literacy compared with high health literacy: ability to communicate with professionals | 0.021.2 (1.0 to 1.3), 2153 | |
| Data missing, n | 569 | |
| Recent use of health care | ||
| Ambulance frequency of use | 0.024 | |
| 0–3 times in past 12 months | 1.0 (ref), 2664 | |
| >3 times in past 12 months | 1.8 (1.1 to 3.1), 58 | |
| Data missing, n | 0 | |
| ED use | 0.002 | |
| Never | 1.0 (ref), 366 | |
| >12 months | 0.6 (0.5 to 0.8), 1409 | |
| 6–12 months | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.8), 345 | |
| 3–<6 months | 0.7 (0.5 to 0.99), 212 | |
| <3 months | 0.8 (0.6 to 0.99), 390 | |
| Data missing, n | 0 | |
| ED frequency of use | 0.039 | |
| 0–3 times in past 12 months | 1.0 (ref), 2569 | |
| >3 times in past 12 months | 1.4 (1.0 to 2.0), 153 | |
| Data missing, n | 0 | |
| General practice use | <0.001 | 0.012 |
| >12 months | 1.0 (ref), 424 | 1.0 (ref), 310 |
| Never | 1.5 (0.8 to 2.8), 44 | 1.5 (0.7 to 3.5), 28 |
| 6–12 months | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.0), 448 | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.2), 369 |
| 3–<6 months | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.6), 491 | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.4), 386 |
| <3 months | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.2), 1315 | 1.3 (0.99 to 1.8), 1055 |
| Data missing, n | 0 | |
| Attitudes towards overuse of health services | ||
| Too many people use GP when not needed | <0.001 | 0.042 |
| Agree or strongly disagree | 1.0 (ref), 1970 | 1.0 (ref), 1562 |
| Neither | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.7), 523 | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.7), 412 |
| Disagree or strongly disagree | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.9), 229 | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.7), 174 |
| Data missing, n | 0 | |
| People are reluctant to use EDs when needed | 0.021 | |
| Agree or strongly agree | 1.0 (ref), 1263 | |
| Neither | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.1), 672 | |
| Disagree or strongly disagree | 0.8 (0.6 to 0.9), 787 | |
| Data missing, n | 0 |
ED = emergency department. OR = odds ratio.