Study | Type ofintervention | Control group | Population | Length offollow-up | ROBINS-I | Outcome | Effect |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vaccination effectiveness | |||||||
Michiels et al 12 | Vaccination (TIV):n = 77 in 2002–2003;n = 100 in 2003–2004 | No intervention:n = 45 in 2002–2003;n = 40 in 2003–2004 | GPs working in Flanders | Influenza season 2002–2003; and 2003–2004 | Moderate | SII by swab test, RTI, SII antibodies (4-fold hemagglutination inhibition antibody titre rise (taken once after the vaccination period but before the infection period; and taken once after the infection period) |
SII: 8.6% in intervention vs 14.7% in control (RR 0.59; 95% CI = 0.28 to 1.24). SII for ≤ 30-year-old GP (OR 0.1; 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.75) RTI: 52.5% in intervention vs 53.3% in control (RR 0.98; 95% CI 0.76 to 1.27) RTI for ≤ 30-year-old GP (aOR 0.35; 95% CI = 0.13 to 0.96) RTI and SII antibody rise: 5.3% in intervention vs 18.8% in control (RR 0.28; 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.75) RTI and SII and/or SII antibody rise: 11.6% in intervention vs 26.1% in control (RR 0.44; 95% CI = 0.22 to 0.88) RTI and SII and/or SII antibody rise for ≤30-year-old GP: aOR 0.1; 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.98 Low basic antibodies against SII predictive of SII: aOR 0.57; 95% CI = 0.37 to 0.89 Presence of influenza cases in the family predictive of SII: aOR 9.24; 95% CI = 2.91 to 29 |
Surface disinfection | |||||||
Pappas et al 23 | Samples on toys in ‘sick’ waiting room in GP practice before and after disinfection, samples on toys in new toy bag | Samples on toys in ‘well’ waiting rooms | 5-provider (4 GPs and 1 nurse) general pediatric practice in northern Virginia | Respiratory virus season, 5 control dates | High | Picornavirus; influenza A and B; RSV |
Viral RNA detected on n = 11/52 (21%) of toys sampled: n = 10 picoronavirus, n = 1 influenza B. Viral RNA detected on n = 3/10 (30%) from the new toy bag: n = 6/30 (20%) in ‘sick’ waiting room; n = 2/12 (17%) in ‘well’ waiting room. Before cleaning the ‘ sick ’ waiting room: n = 6/15 (40%) positive for picoronaviral RNA. After cleaning: n = 4/15 (27%); thus, RNA removed from n = 4/6 of the original positive. RNA was not transferred to the fingers of the investigator who handled theses toys. |
aOR = adjusted odds ratio. CI = confidence intervals. OR = odds ratio. RNA = ribonucleic acid. RR = relative risk. RSV = respiratory synctial virus. RTI = respiratory tract infection. SII = seasonal influenza infection. TIV = trivalent influenza vaccination.