Optimising HbA1c monitoring intervals in patients with type 2 diabetes based on glycaemic control status: a target trial emulation study

Boyuan Wang; Emily Tsui Yee Tse; Shugang Li; Hao Wu; Celine Sze Ling Chui; Cindy Lo Kuen Lam; Eric Yuk Fai Wan

doi:10.3399/BJGPO.2025.0020

Research

Optimising HbA1c monitoring intervals in patients with type 2 diabetes based on glycaemic control status: a target trial emulation study

Boyuan Wang, Emily Tsui Yee Tse, Shugang Li, Hao Wu, Celine Sze Ling Chui, Cindy Lo Kuen Lam and Eric Yuk Fai Wan

BJGP Open 28 July 2026; BJGPO.2025.0020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/BJGPO.2025.0020

Boyuan Wang

1Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

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Emily Tsui Yee Tse

1Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

MBBS

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Shugang Li

2School of General Practice and Continuing Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

PhD

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Hao Wu

2School of General Practice and Continuing Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

MSc

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ORCID record for Hao Wu

Celine Sze Ling Chui

3School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

PhD

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Cindy Lo Kuen Lam

1Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

4Department of Family Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China

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Eric Yuk Fai Wan

1Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

5Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

6Comprehensive Primary Healthcare Collaboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

7The Institute of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

PhD

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ORCID record for Eric Yuk Fai Wan
For correspondence: yfwan{at}hku.hk

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Figure 1. . Identification of eligible subjects in the target trial. ^aThe n-values for each monitoring-interval group include only patients whose average HbA1c monitoring interval during the grace period fell within the corresponding monitoring strategy. Patients whose monitoring intervals did not fall within any pre-specified strategy were not included in these group counts. HbA1c = glycated haemoglobin. T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Figure 2. .Ten-year cumulative incidence curve of all-cause mortality.

Supplementary Data

BW_10.3399BJGPO.2025.0020_supp_v2.pdf -
Supplementary material is not copyedited or typeset, and is published as supplied by the author(s). The author(s) retain(s) responsibility for its accuracy.