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Research

Optimising HbA1c monitoring intervals in patients with type 2 diabetes based on glycaemic control status: a target trial emulation study

Boyuan Wang, Emily Tsui Yee Tse, Shugang Li, Hao Wu, Celine Sze Ling Chui, Cindy Lo Kuen Lam and Eric Yuk Fai Wan
BJGP Open 28 July 2026; BJGPO.2025.0020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/BJGPO.2025.0020
Boyuan Wang
1Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Emily Tsui Yee Tse
1Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
MBBS
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Shugang Li
2School of General Practice and Continuing Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
PhD
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Hao Wu
2School of General Practice and Continuing Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
MSc
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  • ORCID record for Hao Wu
Celine Sze Ling Chui
3School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
PhD
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Cindy Lo Kuen Lam
1Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
4Department of Family Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
MD
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Eric Yuk Fai Wan
1Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
5Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
6Comprehensive Primary Healthcare Collaboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
7The Institute of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
PhD
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  • For correspondence: yfwan{at}hku.hk
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Article Information

BJGPO.2025.0020
DOI 
https://doi.org/10.3399/BJGPO.2025.0020
PubMed 
41184065

Published By 
Royal College of General Practitioners
History 
  • Received January 24, 2025
  • Revision received August 4, 2025
  • Accepted October 1, 2025
  • Published online July 28, 2026.

Article Versions

  • Previous version (November 3, 2025 - 08:07).
  • You are viewing the most recent version of this article.
Copyright & Usage 
Copyright © 2026, The Authors This article is Open Access: CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Author Information

  1. Boyuan Wang1,
  2. Emily Tsui Yee Tse, MBBS1,
  3. Shugang Li, PhD2,
  4. Hao Wu, MSc2,
  5. Celine Sze Ling Chui, PhD3,
  6. Cindy Lo Kuen Lam, MD1,4 and
  7. Eric Yuk Fai Wan, PhD1,5,6,7,*
  1. 1Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
  2. 2School of General Practice and Continuing Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
  3. 3School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
  4. 4Department of Family Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
  5. 5Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
  6. 6Comprehensive Primary Healthcare Collaboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
  7. 7The Institute of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
  1. ↵*For correspondence:
    Eric Yuk Fai Wan, yfwan{at}hku.hk
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Optimising HbA1c monitoring intervals in patients with type 2 diabetes based on glycaemic control status: a target trial emulation study
Boyuan Wang, Emily Tsui Yee Tse, Shugang Li, Hao Wu, Celine Sze Ling Chui, Cindy Lo Kuen Lam, Eric Yuk Fai Wan
BJGP Open 28 July 2026; BJGPO.2025.0020. DOI: 10.3399/BJGPO.2025.0020

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Optimising HbA1c monitoring intervals in patients with type 2 diabetes based on glycaemic control status: a target trial emulation study
Boyuan Wang, Emily Tsui Yee Tse, Shugang Li, Hao Wu, Celine Sze Ling Chui, Cindy Lo Kuen Lam, Eric Yuk Fai Wan
BJGP Open 28 July 2026; BJGPO.2025.0020. DOI: 10.3399/BJGPO.2025.0020
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Keywords

  • emulated target trial
  • HbA1c monitoring intervals
  • type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • cardiovascular diseases
  • primary care

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