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Research

Chronic kidney disease and the alternative labels used by GPs in Australia: a qualitative interview study

Michelle Guppy, Esther Joy Bowles, Paul Glasziou and Jenny Doust
BJGP Open 2025; 9 (1): BJGPO.2024.0031. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/BJGPO.2024.0031
Michelle Guppy
1 Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
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  • For correspondence: mguppy2{at}une.edu.au
Esther Joy Bowles
2 School of Rural Medicine, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
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Paul Glasziou
3 Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Jenny Doust
4 Australian Women and Girls Health Research (AWaGHR) Centre, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
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Article Figures & Data

Tables

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    Table 1. (a) Demographics of GP interview participants (n = 27). (b) Demographics of Australian GPs in 2023 (n = 39 239)26
    (a) Age (years) 31–40, 33%41–50, 30%51–60, 15%61–70, 15%
    Sex Male, 40%Female, 60%
    Practice location Urban, 44%Regional, 22%Rural, 22%Remote, 15%
    (b) Age (years) <39, 25%40–54, 37%55–64, 21%65+, 17%
    Sex Male, 51%Female, 49%
    Practice location Urban 68%Non-urban 32%
    • aTwo GPs did not state their age.

    • View popup
    Table 2. GPs’ rationale for alternative labels
    CKD as a new construct 'I don't use the word chronic kidney disease because that’s a new term, only been in existence in the past 10 years or so, before there was no chronic kidney disease. So I tell them, look your kidneys are not working as well as they should, that’s how I tell them, we need to protect them because if there’s damage to the kidneys, you can't go back on it, so we need to protect your kidneys and then I tell them what things will damage the kidneys.' (GP08)
    Patient misunderstanding of terminology 'I kind of think their take on that will be, oh I've got this awful terrible thing that is going to kill me, which it just sounds so bad.' (GP25)
    'I think chronic often means, for a lot of people it means severe and drastic and so it’s a very negative connotation and I think that generally I don't find it very helpful to say that.' (GP50)
    'It upsets patients and puts them into feeling anxious that there’s something wrong with them, so it directly impacts on their mental health. Disease is not a word I use when I'm talking to them about a diagnosis.' (GP51)
    Balance of lay and medical terminology to ensure understanding 'I suppose you'd probably soften the blow and when you first start talking to them, you'll say, oh look your kidneys aren't great, they're not performing as well.' (GP18)
    'I'd say, oh look the medical term is CKD which means chronic kidney disease and I tell them, it’s just a word that we — it’s what it’s called but the way I like to think of it is, is that your kidneys aren't working as well.' (GP36)
    Ensure patient understanding of the context of kidney disease 'Sometimes again it’s a case of we might be diagnosing diabetes at the next appointment, … and talking about kidneys as part of that.' (GP36)
    Rationale for always using the label 'CKD' 'But I always explain to them, you've got chronic kidney disease, chronic means that it’s a longstanding disease, it’s been there for more than three months and it’s not going to go away.' (GP75)
    'I think chronic kidney disease sounds — will be my choice, it sounds better than what people use of renal failure or kidney failure. That word failure actually freak[s] out a lot patients, it’s just like the kidneys not working, you know? So chronic kidney disease give[s] them an impression that it’s something still treatable, manageable, there is a hope to change that because they've got a disease.' (GP44)
    • CKD = chronic kidney disease

    • View popup
    Table 3. Alternative labels used by GPs to explain chronic kidney disease
    GP05Kidney is not functioning well, renal impairment
    GP08Kidneys are not working as well as they should
    GP10Kidney problems, leaky kidneys
    GP18Your kidneys aren’t great
    GP19Your kidney is not coping well, not able to function on its optimal level
    GP22Your kidneys aren’t functioning quite as well as they should be
    GP25Your kidneys aren’t working very well, aren’t functioning as well as they could
    GP30Your kidneys are not functioning as well as they previously did in the past
    GP32Kidneys are not working as well as they used to do — as well as we would like them to
    GP36Your kidneys aren’t working as well as they should be, kidney impairment
    GP41Kidney problem, your kidneys aren’t functioning as well as they ought
    GP44Renal insufficiency, deteriorating kidney function
    GP50The kidneys aren’t functioning as well as when they were younger
    GP51A drop in kidney function or renal function, chronic kidney injury
    GP57Kidney dysfunction, (kidneys) are not working as efficiently as they could or should
    GP61Kidney damage
    GP62Renal failure or kidney failure
    GP66Kidneys aren’t working at 100%
    GP69Chronic kidney problem or chronic kidney issue
    GP75Your kidneys aren’t working as well as they should be

Supplementary Data

  • MG_10.3399BJGPO.2024.0031.pdf -

    Supplementary material is not copyedited or typeset, and is published as supplied by the author(s). The author(s) retain(s) responsibility for its accuracy. 

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Chronic kidney disease and the alternative labels used by GPs in Australia: a qualitative interview study
Michelle Guppy, Esther Joy Bowles, Paul Glasziou, Jenny Doust
BJGP Open 2025; 9 (1): BJGPO.2024.0031. DOI: 10.3399/BJGPO.2024.0031

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Chronic kidney disease and the alternative labels used by GPs in Australia: a qualitative interview study
Michelle Guppy, Esther Joy Bowles, Paul Glasziou, Jenny Doust
BJGP Open 2025; 9 (1): BJGPO.2024.0031. DOI: 10.3399/BJGPO.2024.0031
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Keywords

  • chronic kidney disease
  • renal insufficiency, chronic
  • ageing
  • aged
  • General practice

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