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Research

Translating in-person care to telehealth: a secondary analysis of GP consultations on musculoskeletal conditions

Yifu Li, Simon Chan, Lawrence Lu, Tim M Jackson, Hania Rahimi-Ardabili and Annie YS Lau
BJGP Open 2025; 9 (1): BJGPO.2024.0013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/BJGPO.2024.0013
Yifu Li
1 Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Simon Chan
1 Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Lawrence Lu
1 Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Tim M Jackson
1 Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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  • ORCID record for Tim M Jackson
  • For correspondence: Tim.Jackson@mq.edu.au
Hania Rahimi-Ardabili
1 Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Annie YS Lau
1 Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Article Figures & Data

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  • Figure 1.
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    Figure 1. Translatability to telehealth scoring system and type
  • Figure 2.
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    Figure 2. Types and frequency of physical artefacts used during in-person musculoskeletal (MSK) consultations, as a percentage of all GP consultations involving a MSK condition (n = 31)
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    Figure 3. Types and frequency of tasks performed during in-person musculoskeletal (MSK), as a percentage of all GP consultations involving a MSK condition (n = 31)

Tables

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    Table 1. Consultation eligibility criteria
    Inclusion criteriaExclusion criteria
    • Consultations that involve MSK as part of the patient’s main presentation or past medical history

    • Consultations of patients with MSK conditions that contain any discussion of lifestyle advice, self-management support, or behavioural modifications as part of their treatment or prevention plan

    • MSK consultations across all ages

    • Consultations for which the participants in the video provided consent for researchers to access video recordings and transcripts of their data to be collected in this study

    • Consultations where MSK was not the main point of discussion between the patient and the GP

    • Consultations where MSK issue(s) did not concern the patient during their visit to the GP

    • Consultations of patients with MSK conditions that does not contain any discussion of lifestyle advice, self-management support, or behavioural modifications as part of their treatment or prevention plan

    • Consultations where the participants in the video did not provide consent for researchers to access video recordings and transcripts of their data to be collected in this study

    • Consultations where a written transcript has been provided but not the video transcript, or vice versa

    • Consultations where the video recording could not be viewed as it was not de-identified, is corrupted, or unavailable owing to other reasons

    • MSK = musculoskeletal

    • View popup
    Table 2. Characteristics of consultations and patients with a MSK presentation (n = 31)
    VariablesMSK consultations (n = 31)
    Sex % ( n )
    Male
    Female
    38.7% (12)
    61.3% (19)
    Age in years % ( n )
    0−18
    19−35
    36−45
    46−55
    56−65
    66−75
    ≥76
    6.5% (2)
    6.5% (2)
    6.5% (2)
    19.4% (6)
    19.4% (6)
    32.3% (10)
    9.7% (3)
    Presence of a companion % ( n )
    Yes
    No
    29.0% (9)
    71.0% (22)
    Number of health conditions discussed during consultation % ( n )
    1
    2
    3
    67.7% (21)
    25.8% (8)
    6.5% (2)
    Types of MSK conditions discussedDisc herniation, multilevel degenerative disc disease, gout, carpal tunnel syndrome, lateral epicondylitis, non-specific lower back pain, coccydynia, reactive arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, plantar fasciitis, sciatica, osteopenia, soft tissue injury or pain, medial epicondylitis, bursitis, tendonitis, fracture, De Quervain’s tenosynovitis.
    Other health conditions discussedGORD, urinary frequency, dementia, breast cancer, hypertension.
    Objective measures used to assess MSK conditionsHistory-taking, past medical history, physical exams, blood pressure, weight, blood tests, BMD scan, X-rays, MRI, CT.
    Subjective conditions used to assess MSK conditionsPatient mood, exercise tolerance, ADLs, pain and current pain control, sleep quality.
    • ADLs = activities of daily living. BMD = bone mineral density. CT = computed tomography. GORD = gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. MRI = magnetic resonance imaging. MSK = musculoskeletal

    • View popup
    Table 3. Clinical tasks conducted during in-person musculoskeletal (MSK) consultations with the GP (n = 31). Clinical endorsement scores, physical examinations or artefacts scores and combined translatability to telehealth scores are assigned to the 12 clinical tasks observed during consultations
    Clinical taskPhysical artefact(s)Clinical endorsement scorePhysical examination or artefacts scoreTranslatability to telehealth scoreVirtual care solution typeMSK specific?Implication
    Physical examination
    Blood pressureSphygmomanometer336/10Type 3NoModerately translatable to telehealth
    Weight measurementWeight scale347/10Type 4NoRelatively easy to translate to telehealth
    General inspectionNil246/10Type 3NoModerately translatable to telehealth
    Palpation and movement testsExamination bed224/10Type 2YesHas the potential to be translated to telehealth
    Reflex testsTendon hammer224/10Type 2YesHas the potential to be translated to telehealth
    Management and/or investigation
    Generating prescriptionsComputer, printer448/10Type 4NoRelatively easy to translate to telehealth
    Generating information brochures or leafletsComputer, printer549/10Type 5NoEasy to translate over to telehealth
    Generating referral lettersComputer, printer448/10Type 4NoRelatively easy to translate to telehealth
    Pathology test interpretation or discussionComputer448/10Type 4NoRelatively easy to translate to telehealth
    Reviewing letters from other healthcare personnelComputer448/10Type 4NoRelatively easy to translate to telehealth
    Medication discussionTablet bottle448/10Type 4NoRelatively easy to translate to telehealth
    Lifestyle discussionNil459/10Type 5NoEasy to translate over to telehealth
    • MSK = musculoskeletal

Supplementary Data

  • YL_10.3399BJGPO.2024.0013_supp.pdf -

    Supplementary material is not copyedited or typeset, and is published as supplied by the author(s). The author(s) retain(s) responsibility for its accuracy. 

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Translating in-person care to telehealth: a secondary analysis of GP consultations on musculoskeletal conditions
Yifu Li, Simon Chan, Lawrence Lu, Tim M Jackson, Hania Rahimi-Ardabili, Annie YS Lau
BJGP Open 2025; 9 (1): BJGPO.2024.0013. DOI: 10.3399/BJGPO.2024.0013

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Translating in-person care to telehealth: a secondary analysis of GP consultations on musculoskeletal conditions
Yifu Li, Simon Chan, Lawrence Lu, Tim M Jackson, Hania Rahimi-Ardabili, Annie YS Lau
BJGP Open 2025; 9 (1): BJGPO.2024.0013. DOI: 10.3399/BJGPO.2024.0013
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Keywords

  • musculoskeletal conditions
  • telemedicine
  • telehealth
  • virtual care
  • Remote Consultation
  • General Practice

More in this TOC Section

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  • “We’re all in the same boat… some of us just have more holes in their boat”: a qualitative interview study primary care staff views of Deep End Cymru
  • General practitioner characteristics and video use in out-of-hours primary care: a register-based study
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