Effectiveness of exhaled nitric oxide for the prediction of non-invasive left atrial pressure in older people: a cross-sectional cohort study

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Figure 1. FeNO distribution according to clinical characteristics: A) distribution of FeNO stratified by sex; B) distribution of FeNO stratified by presence of asthma; and C) distribution of FeNO stratified by smoking status. f = female. FeNO = fractional exhaled nitric oxide. m = male. ppb = parts per billion.
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Figure 2. FeNO according to A) age, and B) E/e’ ratio. FeNO = fractional exhaled nitric oxide. ppb = parts per billion.

Table 1. Clinical characteristics, heart failure risk factors, and echocardiographic measurements in the OxVALVE subset

Characteristic	Total cohort, n (%)^a,b
Participants	277 (100)
Age, years, median (IQR)	73 (68–78)
Sex
Male	152 (54.9)
Female	125 (45.1)
Ethnic group
White	269 (97.1)
Asian	5 (1.8)
Black	2 (0.7)
Mixed	1 (0.4)
Smoking status
Non-smoker	133 (48.0)
Ex-smoker	136 (49.1)
Current	8 (2.9)
BMI, kg/m², median (IQR)	27.6 (24.5–30.4)
Asthma	20 (7.2)
COPD	16 (5.8)
Inhaled steroids	12 (4.3)
Atrial fibrillation	39 (14.1)
Diabetes	38 (13.7)
Hyperlipidaemia	134 (48.4)
Hypertension	149 (53.8)
Myocardial infarct	12 (4.3)
PCI	11 (4.0)
CABG	5 (1.8)
Chronic kidney disease	35 (12.6)
NYHA class
I	178 (64.3)
II	89 (32.1)
III	10 (3.6)
Socioeconomic class
1 (least deprived)	67 (24.2)
2	65 (23.5)
3	85 (30.7)
4	36 (13.0)
5 (most deprived)	21 (7.6)
Missing	3 (1.1)
Ejection fraction, %, median (IQR)	69 (66–73)
E velocity, median (IQR)	0.60 (0.51–0.71)
Septal e’ velocity, median (IQR)	0.05 (0.04–0.07)
E/e’, median (IQR)	10.7 (9.1–13.5)
FeNO, ppb, mean (SD)	24.2 (15.6)

^aFeNO measurement was unsuccessful in 50 participants — these participants' data are included in all variables outside of FeNO. ^bUnless otherwise stated. BMI = body mass index. CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting. COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. FeNO = fractional exhaled nitric oxide. NYHA = New York Heart Association. PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention. ppb = parts per billion.

Table 2. Clinical characteristics of the OxVALVE subset stratified according to E/e’ ratio

Characteristic	Normal E/e’ (<8)	Intermediate E/e’ (8–14)	High E/e’ (>14)	P value
Participants, n ^a	39	173	58	—
Age, years, median (IQR)	71 (68–76)	72 (68–77)	76 (71–83)	<0.001^b
Sex, n (%)				0.045^c
Male	25 (64.1)	100 (57.8)	24 (41.4)	—
Female	14 (35.9)	73 (42.2)	34 (58.6)	—
NYHA class, n (%)				0.098^c
I	25 (64.1)	121 (69.9)	29 (50.0)	—
II	12 (30.8)	47 (27.2)	26 (44.8)	—
III	2 (5.1)	5 (2.9)	3 (5.2)	—
Ejection fraction, %, median (IQR)	69 (65–72)	69 (66–73)	68 (65–74)	0.97^b
FeNO, ppb, median (IQR)	19 (17–31)	21 (14–29)	19 (14–27)	0.74^b

^aSeven (2.5%) participants did not have E/e’ measured. ^bKruskal-Wallis test for independent association of continuous variable with E/e’ strata. ^cχ² test for independent association of categorical variables with E/e’ strata. FeNO = fractional exhaled nitric oxide. IQR = interquartile range. NYHA = New York Heart Association. ppb = parts per billion.

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