Article Figures & Data
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Analysis Population Intervention Outcome A People referred to Sleepio by their GP Sleepio rollout Total prescription costs B People referred to Sleepio by their GP Sleepio rollout Count of Z-drug prescriptions C People with a diagnosis of anxiety or depression Sleepio rollout Total primary care costs D Whole sample Sleepio referral Total primary care costs EMIS data Referred to Sleepio Practice Sample size, n n % 1 2391 220 9.20 2 812 87 10.71 3 1849 171 9.25 4 295 33 11.19 5 757 64 8.45 6 1511 138 9.13 7 454 79 17.40 8 2351 148 6.30 9 285 68 23.86 Total 10 705 1008 9.42 Estimated patients based on EMIS data Estimated patients based on Sleepio data Population Population size, n n % n % EMIS sample 10 705 1008 9.42 Unknowna Unknowna Nine practices 129 865 1008b 0.78c 1220 0.94 Buckinghamshire 540 059 4192c 0.78c 3134 0.58 Thames Valley 2 300 000 17 940c 0.78c 12 374 0.54 England 55 980 000 434 512c 0.78c 302 292c 0.54b aUnknown represents the number of people across the EMIS sample who registered in the Sleepio app, which the authors were not able to observe because the two data sets could not be linked. bExtrapolated from observation. cAssumed from extrapolation.
Category Preferred model Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Time 0.002a 0.002a 0.002a 0.001a 0.004 Intervention –0.038a –0.036a –0.033a 0.033a 0.263a Post –0.002a –0.002a –0.002a –0.000 –0.003 Seasonal adjustment YES YES YES NO NO Age bands YES YES NO NO NO Sex YES YES NO NO NO Diagnoses YES NO NO NO NO Practice random effects YES YES YES YES NO a P<0.001.
Sample 1 year 65weeks 2 yearsa 3 yearsa Per person(95% CI) £4.66(£3.20 to £6.13) £6.64(£4.60 to £8.67) £13.00(£9.15 to £16.84) £21.48(£15.22 to £27.75) Per Sleepio userb £49.52 £70.44 £138.00 £228.07 Nine practices £49 930 £71 027 £139 144 £229 967 Buckinghamshire £207 640 £295 374 £578 648 £956 347 Thames Valley £884 298 £1 257 936 £2 464 343 £4 072 885 England £21 523 042 £30 617 071 £59 979 956 £99 130 468 aProjection beyond the observed period. b9.42% of the sample based on GP referrals.
Analysis A (prescription costs) Analysis B (Z-drugs) Analysis C (anxiety/depression sample) Time 0.005a 0.002b 0.003a Intervention 0.013 0.222a –0.046a Post –0.004a –0.003c –0.003a a P<0.001. b P<0.05. c P<0.01.
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Digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia and primary care costs in England: an interrupted time series analysis
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