Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1. Patient flow chart. HFpFF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
Tables
Characteristic n Total sample, n = 152, %a Confirmed HFpEF, n = 93, %a Non-HFpEF,n = 59, %a P value forcomparisonb Age, years, mean (SD) 152 78 (8.6) 79 (7.1) 77 (10.5) 0.156 Sex, female 152 40 46 29 0.039 LVEF, mean (SD) 148 56.9 (9.2) 58.1 (7.1) 54.4 (10.8) 0.023 History of smoking 152 67 60 79 0.015 CCI, mean (SD) 150 4.6 (2.6) 4.8 (2.8) 4.2 (2.2) 0.157 Hypertension 150 80 80 77 0.636 Diabetes 150 29 32 26 0.498 Chronic lung disease 150 29 32 23 0.251 Moderate to severe kidney disease 150 33 34 32 0.789 Previous myocardial infarction 149 13 12 14 0.730 Peripheral vascular disease 150 9 7 12 0.226 Previous stroke or TIA 150 14 14 16 0.781 Cancer 150 16 14 19 0.404 BMI, mean (SD) 151 30.4 (6.6) 30.9 (6.2) 29.4 (7.1) 0.179 Overweight 151 26 25 28 0.053 Obese 151 50 57 39 Combined overweight or obese 151 76 82 67 0.036 NYHA class I 152 22 17 31 0.118 NYHA class II 152 57 62 48 NYHA class III 152 20 20 21 Leg oedema 152 45 46 43 0.707 Sinus rhythm 152 45 50 39 0.435 Atrial fibrillation 152 34 32 39 Other 152 21 19 23 Heart rate, mean (SD) 145 68 (14) 68 (13) 69 (15) 0.556 SBP, mean (SD) 150 136 (23) 138 (23) 134 (22) 0.346 SBP >150, mean % 150 31 33 28 0.535 DBP, mean (SD) 150 77 (12) 77 (12) 78 (11) 0.577 DBP >90, mean % 150 16 15 18 0.643 Pulse pressure, mean (SD) 150 59 (19) 61 (17) 56 (20) 0.142 MoCA score, mean (SD) 146 25.4 (3.3) 24.9 (4.3) 24.8 (5.7) 0.951 Mild cognitive impairment 146 58 63 48 0.194 Pre-frail 148 32 36 27 0.101 Frail 148 22 26 18 Combined pre-frail and frail 148 54 63 45 0.033 6-minute walk distance, mean (SD) 117 296 (127) 273 (123) 338 (125) 0.007 Time to walk 10 m, sec, mean (SD) 117 10.8 (6.4) 11.7 (7.4) 9.1 (3.6) 0.014 Gait speed, m/s, mean (SD) 117 1.13 (0.47) 1.05 (0.39) 1.3 (0.55) 0.010 Activity levels by median daily vector magnitude (IQR) 124 16.2 (12.2–20.2) 15.4 (12.0–18.3) 18.2 (12.9–21.5) 0.018 Sarcopaenia 147 35 40 29 0.176 Occasional incontinence 151 17 16 19 0.867 Incontinent or catheterised 151 4 4 4 Patients with known hypertension SBP, mean (SD) 122 142.3 (22.2) 144.5 (22.8) 138.9 (20.9) 0.203 DBP, mean (SD) 122 79.8 (10.9) 79.3 (11.1) 80.6 (10.8) 0.529 Pulse pressure, mean (SD) 122 62.6 (18.7) 65.2 (18.6) 58.3 (18.4) 0.059 aUnless otherwise stated. bBold indicates statistically significant value. BMI = body mass index. CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index. DBP = diastolic blood pressure. HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. IQR = interquartile range. LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction. MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment. NYHA = New York Heart Association. SBP = systolic blood pressure. SD = standard deviation. TIA = transient ischaemic attack.
Parameter n Total sample, n = 152, mean (SD)a Confirmed HFpEF, n = 93, mean (SD)a Non-HFpEF, n = 59, mean (SD)a P value for comparison NT-proBNP, pg/ml, median (IQR) 111 314 (124–1055) 301 (73–1029) 332 (147–1112) 0.841 eGFR 129 66 (21) 65 (21) 70 (20) 0.190 eGFR <30, % 129 5 8 0 0.042 Random glucose, mmol/l 120 6.8 (4) 6.9 (3) 6.7 (4) 0.797 Sodium, mmol/l 129 139 (3) 139 (3) 139 (3) 0.286 Potassium, mmol/l 128 4.2 (0.5) 4.2 (0.4) 4.2 (0.5) 0.401 Creatinine, μmol/l 130 93 (39) 95 (43) 90 (31) 0.570 Urea, mmol/l 122 8.6 (5) 8.9 (6) 8.1 (3) 0.378 Haemoglobin, g/l 131 131 (17) 130 (15.5) 135 (19) 0.130 Haematocrit, % 129 0.4 (0.04) 0.39 (0.05) 0.41 (0.06) 0.141 Platelets 130 229 (77) 232 (77) 227 (76) 0.677 HbA1c 129 45 (13) 46 (12) 43 (14) 0.250 HbA1c >48, % 129 22 26 13 0.085 HbA1c known diabetes 39 56.4 (16.7) 56.5 (14.2) 56.2 (22.6) 0.955 aUnless otherwise stated. eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate. HbA1c = glycosylated haemoglobin A1c. HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide. SD = standard deviation.
Patient reported outcome measures HFpEF, n = 93, %a Non-HFpEF, n = 59, %a P value for comparison Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Physical limitations, mean (SD) 67 (28) 73 (28) 0.205 Quality of life, mean (SD) 69 (29) 73 (25) 0.410 Symptom total, mean (SD) 72 (25) 78 (26) 0.171 Clinical summary, mean (SD) 70 (24) 77 (25) 0.118 Summary, mean (SD) 71 (25) 74 (25) 0.374 Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Depression mean (SD) 7.6 (2.3) 7.2 (2.5) 0.236 Moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms 8.9 6.9 0.810 Anxiety mean (SD) 5.2 (4.4) 4.7 (3.9) 0.455 Moderate-to-severe anxiety symptoms 11.2 12.1 0.904 EQ-5D-5L Quality of life visual analogue scale, mean (SD) 70 (19) 73 (19) 0.387 No problems with mobility 29 36 0.815 No problems with self-care 73 66 0.524 No problems with usual activities 40 50 0.519 No pain or discomfort 47 55 0.698 No anxiety or depression 58 71 0.121 Symptom Status Questionnaire (reported symptoms) Daytime dyspnoea 63 46 0.035 Orthopnoea 22 25 0.743 Fatigue or lack of energy 81 61 0.012 Chest pain 82 83 0.978 Difficulty sleeping 47 46 0.901 Dizziness or loss of balance 48 35 0.130 Total score, mean (SD) 24.4 (18.4) 22.3 (20.5) 0.503 EHFScB Total score, mean (SD) 46.5 (21.2) 43.5 (22.2) 0.426 Responded ‘do not agree at all’ on some individual items on EHFScB Scale I weigh myself every day 61 68 0.475 If my shortness of breath increases, I contact my doctor or nurse 48 39 0.418 If my feet or legs become more swollen than usual I contact my doctor or nurse 41 46 0.930 If I gain 2 kg in 1 week I contact my doctor or nurse 72 70 0.937 aUnless otherwise stated. EHFSCB = European Heart Failure Self-care Behaviours. EQ-5D-5L = EuroQoL - 5 dimensions - 5 levels. HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. SD = standard deviation.
Pharmacological agent HFpEF,n = 93, %a Non-HFpEF,n = 59, %a P value for comparison Prescribed medications, mean (SD) 8.3 (4.0) 7.8 (3.9) 0.454 >10 medications 37 30 0.398 ACEI 34 37 0.698 ARB 30 32 0.840 ARNI 1 2 0.743 MRA 12 18 0.355 Beta-blockers 48 54 0.475 Calcium channel blockers 32 40 0.315 Loop diuretics 57 51 0.456 Any diuretic 65 61 0.673 Digoxin 16 22 0.334 Statins 58 63 0.552 Aspirin 21 28 0.316 Other antiplatelet 7 5 0.729 Anticoagulation 51 65 0.100 Anticoagulation if AFb 96 91 0.409 Antidepressants 16 9 0.232 Anti-anaemia drugs 14 5 0.111 Uric acid-related drugs 19 18 0.813 NSAIDs 2 2 0.845 Patients with diabetes (n = 44) Insulin 25 40 0.307 Biguanides 48 47 0.927 Sulfonylureas 15 20 0.666 SGLT2 inhibitors 7 0 0.535 DPP4 inhibitors 17 20 0.822 Non-pharmacologic management Attended CR in past 13 16 0.640 Currently attending CR 3 0 0.168 aUnless otherwise stated. b n = 48. ACEI = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. AF = atrial fibrillation. ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker. ARNI = angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor. CR = cardiac rehabilitation. DPP4 = dipeptidyl peptidase-4. HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. MRA = mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. NSAIDs = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. SD = standard deviation. SGLT2 = sodium glucose co-transporter-2.
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