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Research

Representation of persons experiencing homelessness and coding of homelessness in general practices: descriptive evaluation using healthcare utilisation data

Rishika Kaushal, Parbir Jagpal, Saval Khanal, Neha Vohra, Richard Lowrie, Jaspal Johal, Duncan Jenkins, Karen Saunders and Vibhu Paudyal
BJGP Open 2021; 5 (4): BJGPO.2021.0050. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/BJGPO.2021.0050
Rishika Kaushal
1College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Parbir Jagpal
1College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Saval Khanal
2Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Neha Vohra
1College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Richard Lowrie
3NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
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Jaspal Johal
4Dudley Integrated Health and Care NHS Trust, Dudley, UK
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Duncan Jenkins
4Dudley Integrated Health and Care NHS Trust, Dudley, UK
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Karen Saunders
5Public Health England West Midlands, Birmingham, UK
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Vibhu Paudyal
1College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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  • ORCID record for Vibhu Paudyal
  • For correspondence: v.paudyal@bham.ac.uk
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Article Figures & Data

Tables

    • View popup
    Table 1. A list of codes used to search EMIS software to identify persons experiencing homelessness
    HomelessSleeping in night shelter
    HomelessnessLiving in temporary council accommodation
    No fixed abodeLiving in B&B accommodation
    Sleeping roughLiving in B&B accommodation
    Rough sleeperLiving in lodgings
    SquatterLiving in a bedsit
    Lives in lodgingsLiving in bedsitter
    • B&B = bed and breakfast.

    • View popup
    Table 2. Demographic characteristics of registrants experiencing homelessness
    Femalen =16n (%)Malen =27n (%)Alln =43n (%)
    Mean age (SD), years42.6 (19.1)41.7 (16.8)42.1 (17.4)
    Age range, years
     20–295 (31.3)9 (33.3)14 (32.6)
     30–393 (18.8)7 (25.9)10 (23.3)
     40–493 (18.8)2 (7.4)5 (11.6)
     50–592 (12.5)5 (18.5)7 (16.3)
     60–692 (12.5)3 (11.1)5 (11.6)
     70–79–––
     80–89–1 (3.7)1 (2.3)
     90–991 (6.3)–1 (2.3)
    Ethnic group
     White British11 (68.8)9 (33.3)20 (46.5)
     Mixed1 (6.3)1 (3.7)2 (4.7)
     Mixed British3 (18.8)9 (33.3)12 (27.9)
     Other1 (6.3)2 (7.4)3 (7.0)
     Unknown–6 (22.2)6 (14.0)
    • View popup
    Table 3. The prevalence of health conditions among the registrants
    Health conditions category, n (%)DiagnosesPrevalence,n (%)aPrevalence from UKliterature, %Prevalence from international literature, %
    Mental health conditions,30 (56.6)Depression10 (18.9)29.7, Leicester3611.6, Birmingham950.0, Dublin3742.1, Glasgow1055.0, Edinburgh1133.0, Glasgow11Not available
    Mental health register–6.5, Birmingham9Not available
    Alcohol dependence10 (18.9)29.0, Leicester3621.3, Birmingham953.0, Dublin3756.4, Glasgow1037.0, Edinburgh1154.0, Glasgow1137.9, Western countries38
    Substance dependence4 (7.5)66.0, Leicester3613.5, Birmingham933.0, Dublin1462.4, Glasgow1073.0, Edinburgh1162.0, Glasgow1024.2, Western countries38
    Neurological disorders,3 (5.7)  
    Epilepsy–1.4, Birmingham98.0, Dublin378.1, Paris396.0, Canada40
     Migraine2 (3.8)1.1, Birmingham925–36, Canada41,42
    Cardiovascular disease,7 (13.2)Hypertension4 (7.5)4.2, Birmingham927.0, US43
    Coronary heart disease–1.5, Birmingham9Not available
    Stroke or transient ischaemic attack1 (1.9)0.3, Birmingham920.0, US44
    Heart failure–Not availableNot available
    Atrial fibrillation1 (1.9)0.2, Birmingham9Not available
    Angina–Not availableNot available
    Infections,3 (5.7)Hepatitis C2 (3.8)11.3, Leicester366.3, Birmingham923.0, Dublin3724.8, Glasgow10Not available
    HIV–0.5, Leicester360.6, Birmingham96.0, Dublin37Not available
    Sexually transmitted diseases1 (1.9)9.4, Birmingham98.0, Dublin 140.9–52.5, US45
    Respiratory diseases3, (5.7)COPD1 (1.9)1.7, Leicester361.5, Birmingham93.0, Dublin374–5, UK, Europe, and US46
    Asthma1 (1.9)16, Leicester364.2, Birmingham921, Dublin37Not available
    Endocrine disorders,1 (1.9)Diabetes1 (1.9)2.8, Birmingham98.0, Ireland478.0, Dublin377.3, Edinburgh114.5, Glasgow118.0, US416.1, Paris394.0, Canada38
    Gastrointestinal disorders,2 (3.8)Gastrointestinal bleeds or ulcers2 (3.8)0.6, Birmingham911.0, Dublin3714.7, Edinburgh1124.0, Glasgow11Not available
    Other,4 (7.5)Leg ulcers1 (1.9)6.5, Birmingham9Not available
    Learning disability–0.3, Birmingham936.0, Canada48
    Rheumatoid arthritis–0.1, Birmingham96.0, Dublin37Not available
    • aBlank fields may represent small numbers being suppressed for preserving patient anonymity. COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. HIV = human immunodeficiency virus.

Supplementary Data

  • BJGPO.2021.0050.pdf -

    Supplementary material is not copyedited or typeset, and is published as supplied by the author(s). The author(s) retain(s) responsibility for its accuracy.

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Representation of persons experiencing homelessness and coding of homelessness in general practices: descriptive evaluation using healthcare utilisation data
Rishika Kaushal, Parbir Jagpal, Saval Khanal, Neha Vohra, Richard Lowrie, Jaspal Johal, Duncan Jenkins, Karen Saunders, Vibhu Paudyal
BJGP Open 2021; 5 (4): BJGPO.2021.0050. DOI: 10.3399/BJGPO.2021.0050

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Representation of persons experiencing homelessness and coding of homelessness in general practices: descriptive evaluation using healthcare utilisation data
Rishika Kaushal, Parbir Jagpal, Saval Khanal, Neha Vohra, Richard Lowrie, Jaspal Johal, Duncan Jenkins, Karen Saunders, Vibhu Paudyal
BJGP Open 2021; 5 (4): BJGPO.2021.0050. DOI: 10.3399/BJGPO.2021.0050
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Keywords

  • homeless persons
  • Homelessness
  • primary health care
  • England
  • general practice

More in this TOC Section

  • How does decontextualised risk information affect clinicians understanding of risk and uncertainty in primary care diagnosis? A qualitative study of clinical vignettes
  • Declining number of home visits to older adults by GPs: an observational study using data from electronic health records in The Netherlands, 2017–2023
  • What’s been tried: a curated catalogue of efforts to improve access to general practice
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