Exploring the psychometric properties of the Working Alliance Inventory in general practice: a cross-sectional study

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Figure 1. Flowchart for concurrent validity analyses. WAI-GP = Working Alliance Inventory for General Practice. PPPC = Patient Perception of Patient-Centredness. CARE = Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE)
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Figure 2. Flowchart for factor analysis. WAI-GP = Working Alliance Inventory for General Practice

Table 1. Participant characteristics compared with Australian general practice patient population

Table 2. Patients' consultation experiences and reasons for consultations

Patient characteristics	n (%)	NPES ^a
Preferred GP
Yes	107 (73.3)
No	18 (12.3)
Prefer not to say or no response	21 (14.4)
How long known the GP
First meeting today	19 (13.0)
Second appointment	16 (11.0)
<1 year	25 (17.1)
About 1–5 years	50 (34.2)
>5 years	32 (21.9)
Prefer not to say	2 (1.4)
No response	2 (1.4)
Reasons for consultation ^b
Find out what’s wrong or diagnosis	43 (29.5)
For reassurance	9 (6.2)
Get results or investigations	34 (23.3)
Treatment, prescriptions, or procedures	46 (31.5)
Routine check	20 (13.7)
Review	18 (12.3)
Ask for a referral	17 (11.6)
Attending the appointment with		74%^a
Alone	125 (85.6)
With a support person	19 (13)
Prefer not to say	1 (0.7)
No response	1 (0.7)
Did GP listen carefully?		81%^a
Yes	144 (98.6)
No	0
Prefer not to say	2 (1.4)
Did GP spend enough time?		76%^a
Yes	142 (97.3)
No	2 (1.4)
Prefer not to say	2 (1.4)
Was consultation about chronic condition?	46 (31.5)
Yes	72 (49.3)
No, the consultation was not about a chronic condition	21 (14.4)
I don’t have a chronic condition	7 (4.8)
Prefer not to say	0

^a2017–18 National Patient Experiences Survey, Australian Bureau of Statistics.^28,31 ^bMore than one choice permitted.

Table 3. Results of WAI-GP and other scale scores

Survey	Response options	Mean ± SD
WAI-GP (n = 146)	Strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (5)	4.27 ± 0.67
Goal		4.25 ± 0.69
Bond		4.22 ± 0.69
Task		4.36 ± 0.71
PPPC (n = 137)	Completely (1) to not at all (4)	1.42 ± 0.46
CARE (n = 130)	Poor (1) to excellent (5)	4.58 ± 0.68
WAI-GP pilot study (n = 139)		4.33 ± 0.56
Combined (n = 281)		4.30 ± 0.62

WAI-GP = Working Alliance Inventory for General Practice; PPPC = Patient Perception of Patient-Centredness; CARE = Consultation and Relational Empathy

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