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Research

Exploring the psychometric properties of the Working Alliance Inventory in general practice: a cross-sectional study

Liesbeth Hunik, Shelley Galvin, Tim olde Hartman, Elizabeth Rieger, Peter Lucassen, Kirsty Douglas, Pauline Boeckxstaens and Elizabeth Sturgiss
BJGP Open 2021; 5 (1): bjgpopen20X101131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgpopen20X101131
Liesbeth Hunik
1 Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
MD
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Shelley Galvin
2 UNC Health Sciences at MAHEC, Mountain Area Health Education Center, Asheville, USA
MA
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Tim olde Hartman
1 Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
PhD
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Elizabeth Rieger
3 Research School of Psychology, Australian National University Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
PhD
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Peter Lucassen
1 Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
PhD
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Kirsty Douglas
4 Australia Academic Unit of General Practice, Australian National University Medical School, The Australian National University, Garran, Australia
MD
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Pauline Boeckxstaens
5 Department of Family Medicine and Primary Healthcare, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
PhD
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Elizabeth Sturgiss
6 Department of General Practice, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
PhD
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  • ORCID record for Elizabeth Sturgiss
  • For correspondence: liz.sturgiss@monash.edu
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Article Figures & Data

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    Figure 1. Flowchart for concurrent validity analyses. WAI-GP = Working Alliance Inventory for General Practice. PPPC = Patient Perception of Patient-Centredness. CARE = Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE)
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    Figure 2. Flowchart for factor analysis. WAI-GP = Working Alliance Inventory for General Practice

Tables

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    Table 1. Participant characteristics compared with Australian general practice patient population
    Patient characteristicsn (%)BEACH 2015–2016
    Sex
    Male55 (37.7)43.4 %
    Female91 (62.3)56.6%
    Age (years)
    18–2425 (17.1)19.2% <25 years
    25–3429 (19.9)22.8% 25–44 years
    35–4416 (11.0)
    45–5418 (12.3)27.2% 45–64 years
    55–6418 (12.3)
    65–7424 (16.4)14.7%
    75–8412 (8.2)16.0% >75 years
    ≥854 (2.7)
    Chronic illness98 (67.1)
    • View popup
    Table 2. Patients' consultation experiences and reasons for consultations
    Patient characteristics n (%) NPES a
    Preferred GP
    Yes107 (73.3)
    No18 (12.3)
    Prefer not to say or no response21 (14.4)
    How long known the GP
    First meeting today19 (13.0)
    Second appointment16 (11.0)
    <1 year25 (17.1)
    About 1–5 years50 (34.2)
    >5 years32 (21.9)
    Prefer not to say2 (1.4)
    No response2 (1.4)
    Reasons for consultation b
    Find out what’s wrong or diagnosis43 (29.5)
    For reassurance9 (6.2)
    Get results or investigations34 (23.3)
    Treatment, prescriptions, or procedures46 (31.5)
    Routine check20 (13.7)
    Review18 (12.3)
    Ask for a referral17 (11.6)
    Attending the appointment with 74%a
    Alone125 (85.6)
    With a support person19 (13)
    Prefer not to say1 (0.7)
    No response1 (0.7)
    Did GP listen carefully? 81%a
    Yes144 (98.6)
    No0
    Prefer not to say2 (1.4)
    Did GP spend enough time? 76%a
    Yes142 (97.3)
    No2 (1.4)
    Prefer not to say2 (1.4)
    Was consultation about chronic condition? 46 (31.5)
    Yes72 (49.3)
    No, the consultation was not about a chronic condition21 (14.4)
    I don’t have a chronic condition7 (4.8)
    Prefer not to say0
    • a2017–18 National Patient Experiences Survey, Australian Bureau of Statistics.28,31 bMore than one choice permitted.

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    Table 3. Results of WAI-GP and other scale scores
    Survey Response options Mean ± SD
    WAI-GP (n = 146)Strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (5)4.27 ± 0.67
    Goal4.25 ± 0.69
    Bond4.22 ± 0.69
    Task4.36 ± 0.71
    PPPC (n = 137)Completely (1) to not at all (4)1.42 ± 0.46
    CARE (n = 130)Poor (1) to excellent (5)4.58 ± 0.68
    WAI-GP pilot study (n = 139)4.33 ± 0.56
    Combined (n = 281)4.30 ± 0.62
    • WAI-GP = Working Alliance Inventory for General Practice; PPPC = Patient Perception of Patient-Centredness; CARE = Consultation and Relational Empathy

Supplementary Data

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

  • bjgpopen20X101131_Supp.pdf -

    Supplementary material is not copyedited or typeset, and is published as supplied by the author(s). The author(s) retain(s) responsibility for its accuracy.

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Exploring the psychometric properties of the Working Alliance Inventory in general practice: a cross-sectional study
Liesbeth Hunik, Shelley Galvin, Tim olde Hartman, Elizabeth Rieger, Peter Lucassen, Kirsty Douglas, Pauline Boeckxstaens, Elizabeth Sturgiss
BJGP Open 2021; 5 (1): bjgpopen20X101131. DOI: 10.3399/bjgpopen20X101131

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Exploring the psychometric properties of the Working Alliance Inventory in general practice: a cross-sectional study
Liesbeth Hunik, Shelley Galvin, Tim olde Hartman, Elizabeth Rieger, Peter Lucassen, Kirsty Douglas, Pauline Boeckxstaens, Elizabeth Sturgiss
BJGP Open 2021; 5 (1): bjgpopen20X101131. DOI: 10.3399/bjgpopen20X101131
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Keywords

  • physician—patient relations
  • primary health care
  • quality of health care

More in this TOC Section

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