Physical health monitoring in dementia and associations with ethnicity: a descriptive study using electronic health records

Cini Bhanu; Mary Elizabeth Jones; Kate Walters; Irene Petersen; Jill Manthorpe; Rosalind Raine; Naaheed Mukadam; Claudia Cooper

doi:10.3399/bjgpopen20X101080

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Table 1. Participant characteristics of cohort of individuals with dementia, total and by each ethnic group. As ethnic group, Townsend score of social deprivation and comorbidities were imputed and sample sizes should not be reported for imputed data, only percentages are reported for characteristics of each ethnic group and for Townsend score

Characteristic	Number (%)	%	%	%
Ethnic group	All	White	Asian	Black
Individuals	20 821	96.6%	2.1%	1.2%
Sex
Male	7457 (35.8%)	35.6%	42.5%	38.9%
Age (years)
Mean (95% CI; SD)	79.79 (79.67 to 79.91; 9.03)	79.9 (79.78 to 80.03; 9.36)	77.27 (76.23 to 78.31; 8.94)	75.30 (73.79 to 76.80; 10.63)
Age category, years
50–59	734 (3.5%)	3.4%	4.6%	10.3%
60–69	2231 (10.7%)	10.6%	14.5%	15.9%
70–79	6602 (31.7%)	31.4%	42.4%	39.7%
80–89	9091 (43.7%)	44.1%	33.4%	29.4%
≥90	2163 (10.4%)	10.6%	5.1%	4.8%
Townsend quintile
1 (least deprived)	19.9%	20.1%	17.0%	12.1%
2	24.4%	24.7%	22.9%	11.5%
3	22.4%	22.3%	24.1%	21.3%
4	19.5%	19.4%	22.1%	24.9%
5 (most deprived)	13.8%	13.6%	13.9%	30.2%
Prescribing index (95% CI; SD)	8.29 (7.99 to 8.60; 2.28)	8.34 (8.02 to 8.66; 2.29)	9.09 (7.55 to 10.62; 2.33)	6.51 (4.67 to 8.35; 2.74)
Comorbidity
Myocardial infarction	8.9%	8.9%	12.3%	5.1%
Stroke	22.7%	22.7%	23.6%	18.6%
Chronic kidney disease	43.6%	43.4%	49.6%	47.4%
Diabetes	59.3%	58.8%	72.8%	75%
Hypertension	55.4%	55.3%	61.0%	59.3%
No comorbidity	12.7%	12.8%	7.7%	8.8%

CI = confidence interval. SD = standard deviation.

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Table 2. Incidence rate ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each of the five health monitoring outcomes in the dementia cohort (n = 20 821) and ethnic and comorbidity status. Results are shown for unadjusted models and model adjusted for sex, age, Townsend score, prescribing index, and comorbidities

	Dementia QOF review	BP monitoring	GP consultation	Weight/BMI	Influenza vaccination
	Unadjusted	Adjusted^a	Unadjusted	Adjusted^a	Unadjusted	Adjusted^a	Unadjusted	Adjusted^a	Unadjusted	Adjusted^a
Total	14 105(67.7%, 67.1% to 68.4%)		16 611(79.8%, 79.2% to 80.3%)		20 231(97.2%, 96.9% to 97.4%)		9927 (47.7%, 46.9% to 48.4%)		16 781 (80.6%, 80.0% to 81.1%)
Ethnic group
White	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Asian	0.98(0.87 to 1.12)	1.03(0.91 to 1.17)	1.08(0.97 to 1.20)	1.04(0.93 to 1.16)	0.99(0.90 to 1.09)	0.98(0.89 to 1.08)	0.91(0.77 to 1.08)	0.84(0.71 to 1.00)	0.99(0.89 to 1.11)	0.99(0.88 to 1.11)
Black	0.88(0.74 to 1.06)	0.96(0.80 to 1.15)	0.93(0.80 to 1.09)	0.93(0.80 to 1.09)	0.95(0.83 to 1.08)	0.95(0.84 to 1.09)	0.83(0.65 to 1.06)	0.77 (0.60 to 0.98)	0.88(0.75 to 1.03)	0.92(0.78 to 1.10)
≥1 comorbidity	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
No comorbidity	1.05(1.00 to 1.10)	1.06(1.00 to 1.12)	0.69(0.65 to 0.73)	0.71(0.68 to 0.75)	0.97(0.93 to 1.01)	0.98(0.94 to 1.03)	0.72 (0.67 to 0.77)	0.74 (0.69 to 0.79)	0.92(0.88 to 0.97)	0.95(0.91 to 1.00)

BMI = body mass index. BP = blood pressure. QOF = Quality and Outcomes Famework.
^aA full table of covariates used in the adjusted model can be found in Supplementary Table S3.

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Table 3. Comorbidity characteristics of cohort for each of the five health monitoring outcomes (n = 20 821)

	MI( n = 1864)	Stroke( n = 4717)	Diabetes( n = 12 343)	CKD( n = 9074)	Hypertension( n = 11 542)	No comorbidity( n = 2641)
Dementia QOF review	1214 (65.1%)	3315 (70.3%)	8176 (66.2%)	6101 (67.2%)	7870 (68.2%)	1870 (70.8%)
BP monitoring	1660 (89.1%)	4106 (87.1%)	10 419 (84.4%)	7820 (86.2%)	10 101 (87.5%)	1513 (57.3%)
GP consultation	1826 (98.0%)	4645 (98.5%)	12 060 (97.7%)	8889 (98%)	11 299 (97.9%)	2502 (94.7%)
Weight/BMI	968 (51.9%)	2366 (50.2%)	6506 (52.7%)	4775 (52.6%)	5848 (50.7%)	938 (35.5%)
Influenza Vaccination	1601 (85.9%)	3991 (84.6%)	10 039 (81.3%)	7560 (83.3%)	9572 (82.9%)	1985 (75.2%)

CKD = chronic kidney disease. BMI = body mass index. BP = blood pressure. MI = myocardial infarction. QOF = Quality and Outcomes Framework.

Supplementary Data

bjgpopen20X101080_Supp.pdf -
Supplementary material is not copyedited or typeset, and is published as supplied by the author(s). The author(s) retain(s) responsibility for its accuracy.