Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1. Flow chart of inclusion and exclusion criteria. PSA = prostate specific antigen.
- Figure 2. Self-reported outcome of tests for PC. In total, 555 patients (482 with a normal risk, 73 with a high risk) were asked if they had received a genetic test (A). Patients who were aware of the genetic test (262 normal risk and 44 high risk) were next asked about the result of the test (B). Out of all questionnaire responders, patients reported if their PSA levels were normal, elevated, or they did not know (or did not answer) (C). Answers were separated into bins, based on PSA level at inclusion. Fisher’s exact test was used to test for difference in distribution. NS = not significant. PC = prostate cancer. PSA = prostate specific antigen. ***P<0.001.
- Figure 3. Self-reported perceived risk of getting a PC diagnosis, dying of PC, or intention of a repeat PSA test. Patients were asked about their perceived risk of getting PC and/or dying from PC on a scale of 1–5, as well as their intent to have a repeat PSA test within 2 years on a scale of 1–4. The perceived risks and intention were plotted against awareness of having the genetic test (A-C), or the actual test result of measured genetic risk (D-F). Fisher’s exact test was used to test for difference in distribution. PC = prostate cancer. PSA = prostate specific antigen. NS = not significant. ***P<0.001.
Tables
- Table 1. Summary of patient questionnaire used in this study. The full questionnaire participants received is available on request.
Question label Text Response q01 Did you have a PSA test? 1 = yes, 0 = no q02 Why did you take the PSA test? q02_1 I have / had urinary problems q02_2 I got the test, as I still was at the doctor in connection with another health problem q02_3 I got it taken in conjunction with a regular health check q02_4 I got the test because I was worried that I have PC q02_5 I got it taken to be sure that I do not have PC q02_6 I had not even considered getting test before my doctor recommended me q02_7 My family has advised me to take the test q02_8 My friends / acquaintances have advised me to take the test q02_9 I have friends / acquaintances who have had PC and are living with it today q02_10 I have friends / acquaintances who have died of PC q02_11 I have had PC q02_12 I have had another type of cancer q02_13 I have had an elevated PSA level q02_14 Other reason. Please specify q03 How were the results of the PSA test? 1 = normal, 2 = increased, 9 = don't know q04 How do you assess your risk of getting PC, compared with other men your age? 1 = much lower, 2 = lower, 3 = the same, 4 = higher, 5 = much higher q05 How do you assess your risk of dying from PC compared with other men your age? 1 = much lower, 2 = lower, 3 = the same, 4 = higher, 5 = much higher q06 Although my PSA level is normal now, I am determined to ask my doctor for a new PSA test over the next 2 years 1 = totally disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = agree, 4 = totally agree, 9 = don't know q07 How do you think your health is overall? 1 = bad, 2 = less good, 3 = good, 4 = very good, 5 = excellent q08 Have you had taken a genetic test? 1 = yes, 0 = no q09 How was the result of your genetic testing? 1 = normal, 2 = increased, 9 = don't know PC = prostate cancer. PSA = prostate specific antigen.
Characteristics n (%) a Median a ge at inclusion, years ( IQR ) 63.4 (56.7 to 68.9) Median PSA at inclusion ( IQR ) 1.1 (0.7 to 2.0) PSA levels <1 ng/ml 213 (38.4) ≥1 ng/ml 342 (61.6) Unknown 0 (0.0) Lifetime PC risk Average risk 482 (86.8) High risk 73 (13.2) Unknown 0 (0) General wellbeing (scale 1–5), mean (SD) 3.39 (0.79) Reason to get PSA test b Urinary problems 185 (33.3) Saw the doctor for another health problem 140 (25.2) As part of a regular health check 193 (34.8) Worried about or ruling out having PC 351 (63.2) Not intended before doctor recommendation 102 (18.4) Family or friends or acquaintances advise 142 (25.6) Friends or acquaintances living with or died from PC 245 (44.1) Having another type of cancer 7 (1.3) Previous elevated PSA level 8 (1.4) Other reasons 60 (10.8) aUnless stated otherwise. bParticipants able to select multiple reasons. IQR = interquartile range. PC = prostate cancer. PSA = prostate-specific antigen. SD = standard deviation.
- Table 3. Cox regression analysis for repeat PSA test (N = 555, 160 with repeat PSA test). Uni- and multi-variate Cox regression, using genetic risk score, awareness of having a genetic test, PSA level at inclusion, perceived risk of PC, perceived risk of dying from PC, and intention for a repeat PSA were investigated as potential explanatory variables for actually having a repeat PSA test within 2 years.
Univariate Multivariate Variable Characteristics HR (95% CI) P value C-index a HR (95% CI) P value Genetic risk Normal versus high 8.11(5.83 to 11.29) < 0.001 0.66 5.99(4.09 to 8.79) < 0.001 Awareness of having a genetic test No versus yes 1.23(0.90 to 1.69) 0.193 0.53 1.32(0.95 to 1.83) 0.099 PSA at inclusion Continuous 1.24(1.05 to 1.46) 0.0097 0.56 1.16(0.98 to 1.38) 0.083 Perceived risk for PC 1–5 2.13(1.68 to 2.71) < 0.001 0.62 1.2(0.83 to 1.74) 0.331 Perceived risk for dying of PC 1–5 1.77(1.38 to 2.28) < 0.001 0.59 1.11(0.79 to 1.57) 0.553 Intention for repeat PSA test 1–4 1.35(1.18 to 1.54) < 0.001 0.62 1.2(1.05 to 1.37) 0.007 aC-index, Harrell’s concordance index. HR = hazard ratio. PC = prostate cancer. PSA = prostate specific antigen.
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A genetic risk assessment for prostate cancer influences patients’ risk perception and use of repeat PSA testing: a cross-sectional study in Danish general practice
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