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Self-report
n (%; 95% CI)
n = 199Clinical record
n (%, 95% CI)
n = 197Kappa
(P value)Hypertension 20 (10; 6 to 14) 9 (5; 2 to 8) 0.62 (<0.001) Heart disease 4 (2; 0 to 4) 2 (1; 0 to 2) 0.80 (<0.001) Stroke 3 (2; 0 to 3) 2 (1; 0 to 2) 0.50 (<0.001) Cancer 3 (2; 0 to 3) 1 (1; 0 to 2) 0.50 (<0.001) Respiratory disease 34 (17; 12 to 22) 45 (21; 17 to 29) 0.74 (<0.001) Diabetes 3 (2; 0 to 3) 4 (2; 0 to 4) 0.86 (<0.001) Anxiety and depression 68 (34; 28 to 41) 61 (31; 25 to 37) 0.61 (<0.001) CI = confidence interval. NCD = non-communicable disease.
Type of activity Mean (SD) Median (IQR) Badminton and/or tennis 27.6 (12.4) 0 (0–0) Basketball and/or volleyball 3.3 (25.7) 0 (0–0) Circuit training 122.6 (349.3) 0 (0–0) Moderate walking 553.1 (962.2) 100 (0–720) Running and/or jogging 74.6 (340.5) 0 (0–0) Football and/or hockey 15.1 (63.2) 0 (0–0) Vigorous walking 34.4 (336.0) 0 (0–0) Weight training 308.2 (500.2) 0 (0–0) Other physical activity 177.2 (1038.2) 0 (0–0) Total mean per week 329.0 (417.2) 210 (60–435) IQR = interquartile range. SD = standard deviation.
n (%) Salt consumption Daily 82 (41) Weekly 117 (59) Monthly 0 (0) Rarely 0 (0) Fruit Daily 159 (80) Weekly 23 (12) Monthly 2 (1) Rarely 15 (7) Salad or vegetables Daily 89 (45) Weekly 72 (36) Monthly 7 (4) Rarely 31 (15) Any NCD Any physical NCD Respiratory disease Hypertension Anxiety and depression OR 95% CI P value OR 95% CI P value OR 95% CI P value OR 95% CI P value OR 95% CI P value Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Age 1.02 0.99 1.06 0.189 1.10 1.05 1.15 <0.001 0.95 0.91 0.99 0.034 1.21 1.11 1.32 <0.001 0.95 0.91 0.99 0.034 BMI 1.01 0.94 1.10 0.738 1.06 0.97 1.16 0.228 1.07 0.98 1.16 0.149 0.99 0.83 1.19 0.930 1.07 0.98 1.16 0.149 Ethnic group 0.851 0.974 0.997 0.967 0.997 White 1 1 1 1 1 Black 0.52 0.12 2.52 1.52 0.31 7.58 0.71 0.09 5.67 0.38 0.02 5.86 0.71 0.09 5.67 Asian 0.97 0.35 2.70 0.93 0.25 3.50 0.90 0.30 2.76 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.30 2.76 Mixed 0.52 0.12 2.26 1.16 0.31 6.84 0.88 0.18 4.32 1.56 0.08 30.35 0.88 0.18 4.32 Other 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Housing status 0.481 0.073 0.064 0.321 0.064 Temporary 1 1 1 1 1 Rough sleeper 0.19 0.01 2.80 0.20 0.02 2.13 0.04 0.00 0.79 0.90 0.04 19.21 0.04 0.01 0.79 Home owner or tenant 0.27 0.03 2.84 0.14 0.02 0.94 0.07 0.01 1.04 0.15 0.01 1.94 0.07 0.01 1.04 Family or friends 0.19 0.02 1.98 0.40 0.06 2.81 0.04 0.00 0.54 0.14 0.01 2.06 0.04 0.01 0.54 Employed (No) 1.21 0.58 2.51 0.610 1.13 0.47 2.76 0.784 1.30 0.57 2.97 0.538 0.95 0.17 5.43 0.954 1.30 0.57 2.97 0.538 Smoking status before prison (Yes) 1.51 0.61 3.76 0.377 1.45 0.47 4.45 0.521 2.43 0.77 7.65 0.129 2.52 0.25 25.14 0.430 2.43 0.77 7.654 0.129 Drug dependence (self-report) (Yes) 2.74 1.16 6.49 0.022 2.70 1.01 7.16 0.047 4.16 1.67 10.38 0.002 0.28 0.04 1.91 0.194 4.16 1.67 10.381 0.002 Alcohol dependence (self-report) (Yes) 3.90 1.32 11.51 0.014 1.67 0.58 4.76 0.344 4.63 1.60 13.42 0.005 1.70 0.26 11.07 0.578 4.63 1.60 13.42 0.005 Physical activity 0.212 0.040 0.048 0.455 0.048 None 1 1 1 1 1 <150 minutes 0.39 0.13 1.20 0.21 0.05 0.91 0.30 0.09 1.04 0.74 0.05 11.44 0.30 0.09 1.04 ≥150 minutes 0.47 0.18 1.20 1.05 0.37 2.94 0.27 0.09 0.77 2.63 0.34 20.39 0.27 0.09 0.77 Fruit 0.121 0.117 0.049 0.467 0.049 Daily 1 1 1 1 1 Weekly 1.51 0.51 4.45 0.40 0.09 1.85 2.85 0.89 9.09 0.00 0.00 2.85 0.89 9.09 Monthly 1.10 0.04 31.17 20.40 0.49 854.59 1.69 0.03 87.74 158.97 0.32 80293.06 1.69 0.03 87.74 Rarely 0.19 0.04 0.86 0.29 0.05 1.82 0.12 0.01 0.94 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.01 0.94 Salad or vegetables 0.260 0.396 0.793 0.591 0.793 Daily 1 1 1 1 1 Weekly 1.44 0.65 3.18 1.39 0.55 3.51 1.07 0.44 2.60 2.51 0.52 12.25 1.07 0.44 2.60 Monthly 0.53 0.07 3.94 0.63 0.03 13.66 0.36 0.04 3.19 3.98 0.02 706.59 0.36 0.04 3.19 Rarely 2.58 0.87 7.67 2.74 0.80 9.43 0.86 0.26 2.82 0.57 0.02 20.89 0.86 0.26 2.82 Salt consumption 0.869 0.343 0.579 0.822 0.579 Daily 1 1 1 1 1 Weekly 1.06 0.54 2.08 0.869 1.47 0.67 3.23 0.81 0.39 1.70 0.579 1.18 0.28 4.93 0.822 0.81 0.39 1.70 0.579 BMI = body mass index. BP = blood pressure. CI = confidence interval. NCD = non-communicable disease.
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Prison primary care and non-communicable diseases: a data-linkage survey of prevalence and associated risk factors
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