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Tables
- Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of individuals included in the study (an individual may have been involved in 1, 2, or 3 seasons).
2012–2013, n (%) 2013–2014, n (%) 2014–2015, n (%) N 1756 1424 1726 Age, years (MD = 9) <18 192 (11.0) 135 (9.5) 173 (10.0) 18–64 1306 (74.6) 1041 (73.2) 1231 (71.4) ≥65 252 (14.4) 247 (17.3) 320 (18.6) Female (MD = 0) 1154 (65.7) 945 (66.4) 1135 (65.8) Children in the household (MD = 12) None 973 (55.6) 851 (59.9) 1024 (59.5) ≥1 778 (44.4) 570 (40.1) 698 (40.5) Main activity (MD = 0) Full-time or part-time employment 881 (50.2) 722 (50.7) 854 (49.5) Self-employment 87 (5.0) 66 (4.6) 91 (5.3) Attending daycare/school/university 246 (14.0) 182 (12.8) 210 (12.2) Home-maker/retired 433 (24.7) 355 (24.9) 445 (25.8) Unemployed 55 (3.1) 45 (3.2) 67 (3.9) Maternity leave – – 6 (0.3) Long-term sick-leave or parental leave 32 (1.8) 25 (1.8) 24 (1.4) Other 22 (1.2) 29 (2.0) 29 (1.6) Socioprofessional characteristics (MD = 249) Professional or office work 698 (41.9) 585 (43.1) 690 (42.3) Retail, sales, catering, and hospitality 46 (2.8) 30 (2.2) 37 (2.3) Skilled manual work 31 (1.9) 30 (2.2) 40 (2.4) Other manual work 18 (1.1) 12 (0.9) 17 (1.0) Other 86 (5.2) 64 (4.7) 68 (4.2) Not applicable 788 (47.2) 636 (46.9) 781 (47.8) Level of education (MD = 379) Above high school diploma 833 (58.3) 843 (60.3) 1037 (61.0) High school diploma or equivalent 222 (15.5) 236 (16.9) 275 (16.2) Below high school diploma 201 (14.1) 194 (13.9) 236 (13.9) Not applicable (age <16 years) 174 (12.1) 125 (8.9) 151 (8.9) Place of residence (MD = 0) Urban 1412 (80.4) 1157 (81.2) 1385 (80.2) Rural 344 (19.6) 267 (18.8) 341 (19.8) MD = missing data.
- Table 2. Health characteristics of individuals included in the study (an individual may have been involved in 1, 2, or 3 seasons).
2012–2013, n (%) 2013–2014, n (%) 2014–2015, n (%) N 1756 1424 1726 Colds/flu-like diseases frequency (MD = 69) Rare 1291 (74.5) 1011 (72.1) 1285 (75.5) Often 421 (24.3) 363 (25.9) 393 (23.1) Don’t know 20 (1.2) 28 (2.0) 25 (1.4) Flu vaccination for the current season (MD = 0) No 1360 (77.5) 1062 (74.5) 1278 (74.0) Yes 394 (22.4) 361 (25.4) 445 (25.8) Don’t know 2 (0.1) 1 (0.1) 3 (0.2) Smoking status (MD = 0) Never smoked 1019 (58.0) 819 (57.5) 997 (57.8) Used to smoke 480 (27.4) 408 (28.7) 517 (30.0) Still smoking 257 (14.6) 197 (13.8) 212 (12.2) Comorbidities (MD = 0) No comorbidities 1430 (81.4) 1135 (79.7) 1363 (79.0) ≥1 comorbidity 326 (18.6) 289 (20.3) 363 (21.0) Treated asthma 131 (7.5) 118 (8.3) 144 (8.3) Treated diabetes 48 (2.7) 47 (3.3) 48 (2.8) Treated heart condition 119 (6.8) 90 (6.3) 142 (8.2) Treated kidney condition 7 (0.4) 10 (0.7) 9 (0.5) Treated immunodepression 47 (2.7) 40 (2.8) 49 (2.8) Treated pulmonary condition 50 (2.8) 51 (3.6) 58 (3.4) ≥1 respiratory allergy (MD = 0) 677 (38.6) 566 (39.7) 659 (38.2) Pregnancy (MD = 35) Pregnant 7 (0.4) 8 (0.6) 24 (1.4) Not pregnant 544 (31.3) 424 (29.9) 512 (29.8) Not applicable (men or women <15 or >50 years old) 1188 (68.3) 984 (69.5) 1180 (68.8) BMI, kg/m2 (MD = 73) <18.5 200 (11.6) 156 (11.1) 190 (11.2) 18.5–29 1348 (78.1) 1081 (76.8) 1296 (76.2) 30–39 158 (9.2) 152 (10.8) 197 (11.5) ≥40 19 (1.1) 19 (1.3) 18 (1.1) At risk of influenza complications (MD = 85) No 1215 (70.8) 954 (67.8) 1114 (65.6) Yes 501 (29.2) 453 (32.2) 584 (34.4) BMI = body mass index. MD = missing data.
2012–2013, n (%) 2013–2014, n (%) 2014–2015, n (%) Total, n (%) N 2184 1772 2067 6023 Symptoms (MD = 0) Fever 1162 (53.2) 820 (46.3) 1057 (51.1) 3039 (50.5) Chills 950 (43.5) 696 (39.3) 898 (43.4) 2544 (42.2) Coryza 1578 (72.3) 1309 (73.9) 1538 (74.4) 4425 (73.5) Sneezing 1206 (55.2) 970 (54.7) 1120 (54.2) 3296 (54.7) Sore throat 1516 (69.4) 1287 (72.6) 1377 (66.6) 4180 (69.4) Cough 1606 (73.5) 1256 (70.9) 1549 (74.9) 4411 (73.2) Dyspnoea 440 (20.1) 355 (20.0) 476 (23.0) 1271 (21.1) Headaches 1427 (65.3) 1151 (65.0) 1362 (65.9) 3940 (65.4) Pain 898 (41.1) 637 (35.9) 771 (37.3) 2306 (38.2) Sputum 436 (20.0) 346 (19.5) 366 (17.7) 1148 (19.1) Asthenia 1086 (49.7) 809 (45.7) 1008 (48.8) 2903 (48.2) Sudden onset of symptoms (MD = 84) Yes 2018 (93.7) 1649 (94.3) 1915 (94.1) 5582 (94.0) No 136 (6.3) 100 (5.7) 121 (5.9) 357 (6.0) Mean health score (± SD) (MD = 94) – – 42.8 (± 21.4) – Activities modification (MD = 50) No 1056 (48.7) 937 (53.4) 975 (47.6) 2968 (49.7) Yes, without taking time off work/school 662 (30.5) 513 (29.2) 631 (30.8) 1806 (30.2) Yes, with taking time off work/school 450 (20.8) 306 (17.4) 443 (21.6) 1199 (20.1) ILI = influenza-like illness. MD = missing data. SD = standard deviation.
2012–2013, n (%) 2013–2014, n (%) 2014–2015, n (%) Total, n (%) ILI episodes
N2184 1772 2067 6023 Consultation (MD = 0) GP 738 (33.8) 535 (30.2) 688 (33.3) 1961 (32.6) GP consultation among individuals at risk of ILI complications 218 (34.9) 175 (31.0) 244 (34.5) 637 (33.6) Pharmacist – 188 (10.6) 173 (8.4) 361 (9.4) Hospital emergencies 59 (2.7) 39 (2.2) 44 (2.1) 142 (2.4) Specialist 44 (2.0) 25 (1.4) 29 (1.4) 98 (1.6) Other 33 (1.5) 19 (1.1) 9 (0.4) 61 (1.0) None 1425 (65.2) 1137 (64.2) 1303 (63.0) 3865 (64.2) Hospitalisations (MD = 60) 20 (0.9) 16 (0.9) 21 (1.0) 57 (1.0) Drug intake (MD = 5) Analgesics 1904 (87.2) 1508 (85.3) 1806 (87.4) 5218 (86.7) Antitussives 815 (37.3) 565 (32) 767 (37.1) 2147 (35.7) Antibiotics (prescribed) 451 (20.7) 328 (18.6) 417 (20.2) 1196 (19.9) Antibiotics (self-medication) 31 (1.4) 25 (1.4) 25 (1.2) 81 (1.3) Antivirals (prescribed) 18 (0.8) 11 (0.6) 18 (0.9) 47 (0.8) Antivirals (self-medication) 1 (0.0) 2 (0.1) 2 (0.1) 5 (0.1) Antivirals prescribed to individuals at ILI risk 4 (0.6) 5 (0.9) 7 (1.0) 16 (0.8) Homeopathy 400 (18.3) 273 (15.4) 340 (16.5) 1013 (16.8) Aromatherapy or herbal medicine – 373 (21.1) 414 (20.0) 787 (20.5) Others 499 (22.8) 366 (20.7) 435 (21.1) 1300 (21.6) Internet search (MD = 73) 145 (6.7) 125 (7.1) 187 (9.1) 457 (7.7) ILI = influenza-like illness. MD = missing data
- Table 5. Significant factors associated with GP consultation for ILI in France between 2012 and 2015 in multivariate analysis
N Number of ILI episodes with
a GP consultation, n (%)OR (95% CI) P-value Level of education Above high school diploma 3312 972 (29.3) 1 (Ref) High school diploma or equivalent 895 287 (32.1) 1.25 (1.03 to 1.52) 0.021 Below high school diploma 780 293 (37.6) 1.43 (1.18 to 1.74) <0.001 Not applicable (age <16 years) 579 266 (45.9) 1.63 (1.30 to 2.03) <0.001 Residence Urban 4859 1554 (32.0) 1 (Ref) Rural 1164 407 (35.0) 1.21 (1.02 to 1.43) 0.026 Internet search in case of ILI No 5493 1733 (31.5) 1 (Ref) Yes 457 210 (46.0) 1.63 (1.30 to 2.03) <0.001 Previous GP consultation for ILI during the current influenza season No 5648 1733 (31.4) 1 (Ref) Yes 375 188 (50.1) 1.43 (1.11 to 1.83) 0.005 Alternative medicines utilisation No 4450 1529 (34.4) 1 (Ref) Yes 1568 431 (27.5) 0.68 (0.58 to 0.78) <0.001 Symptomsa Fever 3039 1350 (44.4) 2.57 (2.26 to 2.93) <0.001 Sneezing 3296 1042 (31.6) 0.78 (0.69 to 0.88) <0.001 Cough 4411 1633 (37.0) 1.60 (1.37 to 1.86) <0.001 Dyspnea 1271 558 (43.9) 1.38 (1.19 to 1.60) <0.001 Sputum 1148 551 (48.0) 1.75 (1.50 to 2.05) <0.001 Asthenia 2903 1209 (41.6) 1.93 (1.70 to 2.19) <0.001 aThe reference group had no symptoms. ILI = influenza-like illness. OR = odds ratio. Ref = reference.
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Healthcare-seeking behaviour in case of influenza-like illness in the French general population and factors associated with a GP consultation: an observational prospective study
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