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Tables
- Table 1. Demographic characteristics compared between English language preference and other language preference groups using means (t-tests) and sex proportions (χ2).
Language preference Mean age, years (SD) Males, % Mean IMD score (SD) Ethnic groups, % (two most frequent and ‘Not recorded’) Country of birth, % (UK, most frequent, and ‘Not recorded’) English
n = 161 93841.4 (16.0) 47.9 30.1 (8.4) British or mixed British, 44.8;
Other white, 17.0;
Not recorded, 16.5UK, 47.1;
Jamaica, 4.1;
Not recorded, 22.6Non-English
n = 47 79038.9 (13.5)a 48.2a 32.1 (8.4)a Other white, 47.3;
African, 13.9;
Not recorded, 22.5UK, 1;
Portugal, 9.5;
Poland, 7.5;
Not recorded, 21.4Portuguese
n = 986238.9 (12.7)a 49.3a 33 (7.5)a Other white, 66.6;
Other, 8.2;
Not recorded, 11.3UK, 0.5;
Portugal, 46.4;
Brazil, 24.5;
Not recorded, 19.6Spanish
n = 788238.8 (12.3)a 47.2a 33.2 (7.9)a Other white, 50.1;
Other, 26.5;
Not recorded, 14.0UK, 0.7;
Colombia, 23.4; Spain, 20.7;
Not recorded, 18.9French
n = 496836.5 (11.0)a 48.5a 32.1 (8.3)a African, 37.8;
Other white, 36.0;
Not recorded, 13.5UK, 0.8;
France, 39.9;
Ivory Coast, 11.7;
Not recorded, 21.1Polish
n = 431135.6 (11.1)a 45.0a 31 (7.9)a Other white, 90.3;
British or mixed British, 5.7;
Not recorded, 2.2UK, 0.2;
Poland, 81.9; Portugal, 0.3;
Not recorded, 17.0Somali
n = 156739.3 (13.6)a 43.7a 34.6 (7.8)a African, 75.9;
Other black, 16.5;
Not recorded, 20.9UK, 0.5;
Somalia, 73.1;
Not recorded, 25Other
n = 19 38040.3 (14.9)a 49.2a 31.3 (7.9)a Other white, 33.7;
African, 15.5;
Not recorded, 38.6UK, 1.7;
Italy, 9.9;
Pakistan, 4.4;
Not recorded, 24.1Not recorded
n = 92 67642.2 (14.9)a 58.4a 30.8 (8.7)a Unknown, 50.3;
British or mixed British, 13.6;
Not recorded, 13.4UK, 1.5;
Ghana, 0.7;
Not recorded, 90.9a P <0.01 in comparison with English language preference groups.
IMD = Index of Multiple Deprivation, 2010. Not recorded = no data were received for patients in this category. SD = standard deviation.
- Table 2. Association between cardiovascular diagnosis and language preference (adjusteda ORs with 95% Cs).
Hypertension CHD DM Stroke OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) English n = 161 938 1 1 1 1 Non-English n = 47 790 0.98 (0.92 to 1.03) 1.18 (1.03 to 1.34)b 1.33 (1.23 to 1.43)c 0.94 (0.8 to 1.11) Portuguese n = 9862 1.43 (1.30 to 1.57)c 1.29 (0.99 to 1.68) 1.74 (1.50 to 2.02)c 1.40 (1.08 to 1.81)b Spanish n = 7882 0.83 (0.73 to 0.95)c 0.8 (0.58 to 1.10) 1.12 (0.91 to 1.38) 0.86 (0.63 to 1.20) French n = 4968 0.81 (0.70 to 0.95)b 0.65 (0.40 to 1.06) 0.83 (0.65 to 1.04) 0.68 (0.40 to 1.15) Polish n = 4311 1.33 (1.04 to 1.72)b 1.23 (0.89 to 1.71) 0.75 (0.57 to 0.99)b 0.77 (0.44 to 1.36) Somali n = 1567 0.40 (0.32 to 0.50)c 1.4 (0.67 to 2.86) 1.63 (1.34 to 1.98)c 0.87 (0.47 to 1.60) Other n = 19 380 0.92 (0.84 to 1.01) 1.34 (1.07 to 1.67)c 1.42 (1.25 to 1.60)c 0.84 (0.69 to 1.03) Not recorded n = 92 676 0.98 (0.94 to 1.03) 1.07 (0.97to 1.17) 1.15 (1.08 to 1.22)c 1.12 (1.00 to 1.25)b aMultiple logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic deprivation, ethnicity, and practice clustering. b P<0.05. c P<0.01. CHD = coronary heart disease. DM = diabetes mellitus. OR= odds ratio.
- Table 3. Association between cardiovascular risk factors at the most recent measurement and language preferences (adjusteda ORs with 95% CIs).
Obesity
OR (95% CI)BP >150/90 mmHg
OR (95% CI)HBA1c >48 mmol/mol
OR (95% CI)Total cholesterol >5 mmol/l
OR (95% CI)Current smoker, yes or no
OR (95% CI)English 1
n = 134 6391
n = 135 2201
n = 10 5451
n = 73491
n = 157 841Non-English 1.08 (1.04 to 1.13)c
n = 38 7550.93 (0.88 to 0.99)b
n = 38 1960.94 (0.76 to 1.15)
n = 29581.02 (0.83 to 1.24)
n = 21941.18 (1.14 to 1.21)c
n = 46 404Portuguese 1.53 (1.36 to 1.73)c
n = 77851.12 (0.95 to 1.29)
n = 78411.13 (0.88 to 1.45)
n = 5750.89 (0.59 to 1.33)
n = 2141.13 (1.02 to 1.25)b
n = 9360Spanish 1.21 (1.09 to 1.34)c
n = 63040.65 (0.55 to 0.77)c
n = 61460.93 (0.65 to 1.31)
n = 4161.30 (0.90 to 1.90)
n = 2160.79 (0.7 to 0.88)c
n = 7626French 0.75 (0.69 to 0.82)c
n = 40070.78 (0.66 to 0.93)c
n = 38870.73 (0.51 to 1.02)
n = 2250.65 (0.39 to 1.08)
n = 1321.43 (1.3 to 1.57)c
n = 4802Polish 1.03 (0.84 to 1.26)
n = 33921.72 (1.46 to 2.01)c
n = 31680.90 (0.50 to 1.63)
n = 980.51 (0.24 to 1.08)
n = 861.38 (1.25 to 1.52)c
n = 4194Somali 1.12 (0.95 to 1.31)
n = 12560.61 (0.50 to 0.73)c
n = 13711.09 (0.75 to 1.60)
n = 1351.8 (0.81 to 3.98)
n = 601.34 (1.05 to 1.70)b
n = 1528Other 0.91 (0.85 to 0.98)c
n = 16 0110.86 (0.77 to 0.95)c
n = 15 7831.08 (0.86 to 1.35)
n = 15091.05 (0.77 to 1.43)
n = 15161.31 (1.22 to 1.40)c
n = 18 894Not recorded 1.14 (1.10 to 1.18)c
n = 62 1161.05 (1.00 to 1.10)b
n = 68 8721.13 (0.97 to 1.32)
n = 49440.99 (0.86 to 1.14)
n = 35341.28 (1.24 to 1.31)c
n = 80 066aMultiple logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic deprivation, ethnicity and practice clustering. *b P<0.05. c P<0.01.
BP = blood pressure. HbA1c = glycated haemoglobin. OR = odds ratio.
- Table 4. Association between cardiovascular monitoring recorded within a set interval and language preference (adjusteda ORs with 95% confidence intervals).
Smoking cessation history recorded
within 15 months,
OR (95% CI)BP recorded
within 9 months,
OR (95% CI)Cholesterol recorded
within 15 months,
OR (95% CI)HbA1c recorded
within 15 months,
OR (95% CI)English
n = 161 9381
n = 60 0461
n = 135 2281
n = 74671
n = 151 101Non-English
n = 47 7901.06 (1.01 to 1.11)b
n = 16 7070.98 (0.95 to 1.02)
n = 38 1991.02 (0.88 to 1.19)
n = 22071.09 (0.93 to 1.28)
n = 3047Portuguese
n = 98621.24 (0.96 to 1.59)
n = 38441.17 (0.97 to 1.4)
n = 78411.17 (0.8 to 1.71)
n = 2151.43 (0.91 to 2.24)
n = 581Spanish
n = 78821.03 (0.83 to 1.28)
n = 27130.93 (0.84 to 1.02)
n = 61471.38 (0.89 to 2.13)
n = 2200.95 (0.66 to 1.36)
n = 419French
n = 49680.87 (0.76 to 0.99)b
n = 16880.73 (0.67 to 0.8)c
n = 38870.87 (0.62 to 1.22)
n = 1330.92 (0.62 to 1.37)
n = 232Polish
n = 43111.12 (0.76 to 1.65)
n = 17010.94 (0.79 to 1.13)
n = 31681.2 (0.66 to 2.18)
n = 561.17 (0.56 to 2.47)
n = 98Somali
n = 15671.14 (0.8 to 1.61)
n = 4430.95 (0.8 to 1.1)
n = 13710.68 (0.38 to 1.22)
n = 601.01 (0.65 to 1.57)
n = 139Other
n = 19 3800.98 (0.84 to 1.16)
n = 63180.99 (0.91 to 1.08)
n = 15 7850.92 (0.73 to 1.17)
n = 15231.03 (0.84 to 1.26)
n = 1578Not recorded
n = 92 6761.06 (1.02 to 1.11)c
n = 30 3720.86 (0.84 to 0.89)c
n = 68 8761.29 (1.16 to 1.42)c
n = 35840.98 (0.87 to 1.11)
n = 5094aMultiple logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic deprivation, ethnicity and practice clustering. b P<0.05. c P<0.01. BP = blood pressure. OR = odds ratio.
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The role of spoken language in cardiovascular health inequalities: a cross-sectional study of people with non-English language preference
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